Comprehensive Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiology,
Management, and Complications Exam Questions with
100% Correct Answers | Verified 2026 | ASSURED
SUCCESS
diabetes mellitus - CORRECT ANSWERS A common, complex, chronic disorder of impaired
nutrient metabolism, especially glucose, that can affect the function of every body system.
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - CORRECT ANSWERS A severe acute complication of diabetes;
characterized by uncontrolled hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and increased production of ketones.
diabetic peripheral neuropathy - CORRECT ANSWERS Progressive deterioration of nerve
function with the loss of sensory perception.
gastroparesis - CORRECT ANSWERS A delay in gastric emptying.
glucagon - CORRECT ANSWERS A hormone important in glucose regulation that has balancing
actions opposite those of insulin and prevents hypoglycemia.
gluconeogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS Conversion of protein substances into glucose.
glucose regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS Process of maintaining optimal blood glucose levels;
also known as glycemic control.
glycogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS Production and storage of glycogen.
glycogenolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS Breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose.
,glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) - CORRECT ANSWERS A standardized test that measures how
much glucose permanently attaches to the hemoglobin molecule; is often used to indicate the
effectiveness of blood glucose control measures.
hyperglycemia - CORRECT ANSWERS Higher-than-normal blood glucose level.
hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar state (HHS) - CORRECT ANSWERS A severe acute hyperosmolar
(increased blood osmolarity) state caused by hyperglycemia.
hypoglycemia - CORRECT ANSWERS Lower-than-normal blood glucose level.
hyperinsulinemia - CORRECT ANSWERS Chronically high blood insulin levels.
ketogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS Conversion of fats to acid products.
ketone bodies ("ketones") - CORRECT ANSWERS Abnormal acidic breakdown products that
collect in the blood when insulin is not available, leading to the acid-base balance problem of metabolic
acidosis.
Kussmaul respiration - CORRECT ANSWERS A deep and rapid respiratory pattern triggered by
acidosis to reduce blood hydrogen ion concentration by 'blowing off' carbon dioxide.
lipolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS Breakdown of body fats.
metabolic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS Simultaneous presence of metabolic factors that
increase risk for developing type 2 DM and cardiovascular disease.
, proliferative diabetic retinopathy - CORRECT ANSWERS Growth of new fragile retinal blood
vessels (neovascularization) that bleed easily and obscure vision.
proteolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS Breakdown of body proteins.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) - CORRECT ANSWERS A common, chronic, complex disorder of
impaired nutrient metabolism, especially glucose, that can affect the function of every body system.
Major focus: Identify DM early - CORRECT ANSWERS Maintain glycemic control, prevent
complications.
Nursing Role - CORRECT ANSWERS Critical in helping patients and families understand the
disorder and participate in management.
Goal - CORRECT ANSWERS Maintain euglycemia (normal blood glucose) and prevent
hyper/hypoglycemia.
Endocrine pancreas - CORRECT ANSWERS ~1 million islets of Langerhans.
Pancreas - CORRECT ANSWERS Both exocrine (digestion) and endocrine (glucose regulation).
Alpha cells - CORRECT ANSWERS Secrete glucagon.
Beta cells - CORRECT ANSWERS Secrete insulin & amylin.
Glucagon function - CORRECT ANSWERS Releases glucose from liver & skeletal muscle.
Management, and Complications Exam Questions with
100% Correct Answers | Verified 2026 | ASSURED
SUCCESS
diabetes mellitus - CORRECT ANSWERS A common, complex, chronic disorder of impaired
nutrient metabolism, especially glucose, that can affect the function of every body system.
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - CORRECT ANSWERS A severe acute complication of diabetes;
characterized by uncontrolled hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and increased production of ketones.
diabetic peripheral neuropathy - CORRECT ANSWERS Progressive deterioration of nerve
function with the loss of sensory perception.
gastroparesis - CORRECT ANSWERS A delay in gastric emptying.
glucagon - CORRECT ANSWERS A hormone important in glucose regulation that has balancing
actions opposite those of insulin and prevents hypoglycemia.
gluconeogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS Conversion of protein substances into glucose.
glucose regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS Process of maintaining optimal blood glucose levels;
also known as glycemic control.
glycogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS Production and storage of glycogen.
glycogenolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS Breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose.
,glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) - CORRECT ANSWERS A standardized test that measures how
much glucose permanently attaches to the hemoglobin molecule; is often used to indicate the
effectiveness of blood glucose control measures.
hyperglycemia - CORRECT ANSWERS Higher-than-normal blood glucose level.
hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar state (HHS) - CORRECT ANSWERS A severe acute hyperosmolar
(increased blood osmolarity) state caused by hyperglycemia.
hypoglycemia - CORRECT ANSWERS Lower-than-normal blood glucose level.
hyperinsulinemia - CORRECT ANSWERS Chronically high blood insulin levels.
ketogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS Conversion of fats to acid products.
ketone bodies ("ketones") - CORRECT ANSWERS Abnormal acidic breakdown products that
collect in the blood when insulin is not available, leading to the acid-base balance problem of metabolic
acidosis.
Kussmaul respiration - CORRECT ANSWERS A deep and rapid respiratory pattern triggered by
acidosis to reduce blood hydrogen ion concentration by 'blowing off' carbon dioxide.
lipolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS Breakdown of body fats.
metabolic syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS Simultaneous presence of metabolic factors that
increase risk for developing type 2 DM and cardiovascular disease.
, proliferative diabetic retinopathy - CORRECT ANSWERS Growth of new fragile retinal blood
vessels (neovascularization) that bleed easily and obscure vision.
proteolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS Breakdown of body proteins.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) - CORRECT ANSWERS A common, chronic, complex disorder of
impaired nutrient metabolism, especially glucose, that can affect the function of every body system.
Major focus: Identify DM early - CORRECT ANSWERS Maintain glycemic control, prevent
complications.
Nursing Role - CORRECT ANSWERS Critical in helping patients and families understand the
disorder and participate in management.
Goal - CORRECT ANSWERS Maintain euglycemia (normal blood glucose) and prevent
hyper/hypoglycemia.
Endocrine pancreas - CORRECT ANSWERS ~1 million islets of Langerhans.
Pancreas - CORRECT ANSWERS Both exocrine (digestion) and endocrine (glucose regulation).
Alpha cells - CORRECT ANSWERS Secrete glucagon.
Beta cells - CORRECT ANSWERS Secrete insulin & amylin.
Glucagon function - CORRECT ANSWERS Releases glucose from liver & skeletal muscle.
