BIOD 121 Portage Module 4 Questions &
Answers
essential vitamins - ANSWER13 vitamins that animal cells need but can't synthesize
found in both plant and animal sources
vitamins produced by the body - ANSWERvitamin K and biotin (gut flora)
vitamin D (skin)
vitamin A (from beta carotene)
niacin (tryptophan)
two criteria for vitamins - ANSWER1. must be consumed in the diet to maintain health.
2. symptoms of deficiency occur in its absence
enrichment - ANSWERadding nutrients back that have been lost to processing
fortification - ANSWERadding nutrient not naturally present in a food
Fat soluble vitamins - ANSWERVitamins A, D, E, K
stored in liver and adipose tissue
excess consumption could lead to toxic levels
two forms of vitamin a - ANSWER1. Preformed Vitamin A (retinol/retinal), found in foods
and animal products: liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, yogurt, and eggs
2. Provitamin A or Carotene, the pigment in yellow, orange, and deep green fruits or
vegetables
vitamin A functions - ANSWERVision
skin and epithelial health
growth, development, reproduction
disease prevention
two forms of vitamin D - ANSWERD2 (ergocalciferol, synthetic) and D3 (cholecalciferol)
produced skin > liver > kidney
fatty fish, fortified cereal, eggs, butter, fortified milk, and yogurt
vitamin D functions - ANSWERregulation of calcium levels and bone metabolism
immune system, skin development, muscle health, and blood pressure control
vitamin A deficiency - ANSWERNight blindness, xeropthalmia, dry skin, growth failure
toxicity > 3000mcg/day increased hip fracture, liver toxicity, and fetal malformations
vitamin D deficiency - ANSWERrickets, osteomalacia
, increased risk of infections, cancers, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease
vitamin E function - ANSWERantioxidant that protects erythrocytes and membranes
from damage
in the body (alpha-tocopherol) or in plants (gamma-tocopherol)
oils, cereals, eggs, margarines, whole grains, and nuts.
vitamin E deficiency - ANSWERRare, can occur if fat malabsorption is present
cellular breakdown and hemolysis
toxicity > 1000mg/day may interfere with blood clotting action of Vitamin K
vitamin K function - ANSWERblood clotting, bone formation
oils, plants, fish and meats, green leafy vegetables, green beans, soybean and canola
oils, and liver
synthesize small amts in GI tracts (except infants)
80mcg
deficiency and toxicity both rare
water soluble vitamins - ANSWERB vitamins and vitamin C
likelihood of toxicity is minimal unless consumed in extremely large quantities
(supplements)
B vitamins - ANSWERcoenzymes involved in converting the energy in carbohydrate, fat,
and protein into ATP
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12
bioavailability - ANSWERamount of a vitamin that is absorbed and available to the body
thiamin (B1) - ANSWERcoenzyme for carbohydrates, promotes glucose metabolism
pork, legumes, milk, orange juice, organ meats, and whole and enriched grain
Thiamin deficiency - ANSWERBeriberi: weakness, loss of appetite, irritability, poor arm
and leg coordination, an enlarged heart, and severe edema (where white rice is
common)
Riboflavin (B2) - ANSWERcoenzyme for energy metabolism that requires oxygen
vitamin and mineral metabolism
very sensitive to light
* enriched grains, meat, eggs, and milk products
Riboflavin deficiency - ANSWERariboflavinosis (rare)
glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), cheilosis (cracks around the mouth), sun
sensitivity, and confusion
niacin (B3) - ANSWERnicotinic acid or nicotinamide
release of energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Answers
essential vitamins - ANSWER13 vitamins that animal cells need but can't synthesize
found in both plant and animal sources
vitamins produced by the body - ANSWERvitamin K and biotin (gut flora)
vitamin D (skin)
vitamin A (from beta carotene)
niacin (tryptophan)
two criteria for vitamins - ANSWER1. must be consumed in the diet to maintain health.
2. symptoms of deficiency occur in its absence
enrichment - ANSWERadding nutrients back that have been lost to processing
fortification - ANSWERadding nutrient not naturally present in a food
Fat soluble vitamins - ANSWERVitamins A, D, E, K
stored in liver and adipose tissue
excess consumption could lead to toxic levels
two forms of vitamin a - ANSWER1. Preformed Vitamin A (retinol/retinal), found in foods
and animal products: liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, yogurt, and eggs
2. Provitamin A or Carotene, the pigment in yellow, orange, and deep green fruits or
vegetables
vitamin A functions - ANSWERVision
skin and epithelial health
growth, development, reproduction
disease prevention
two forms of vitamin D - ANSWERD2 (ergocalciferol, synthetic) and D3 (cholecalciferol)
produced skin > liver > kidney
fatty fish, fortified cereal, eggs, butter, fortified milk, and yogurt
vitamin D functions - ANSWERregulation of calcium levels and bone metabolism
immune system, skin development, muscle health, and blood pressure control
vitamin A deficiency - ANSWERNight blindness, xeropthalmia, dry skin, growth failure
toxicity > 3000mcg/day increased hip fracture, liver toxicity, and fetal malformations
vitamin D deficiency - ANSWERrickets, osteomalacia
, increased risk of infections, cancers, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease
vitamin E function - ANSWERantioxidant that protects erythrocytes and membranes
from damage
in the body (alpha-tocopherol) or in plants (gamma-tocopherol)
oils, cereals, eggs, margarines, whole grains, and nuts.
vitamin E deficiency - ANSWERRare, can occur if fat malabsorption is present
cellular breakdown and hemolysis
toxicity > 1000mg/day may interfere with blood clotting action of Vitamin K
vitamin K function - ANSWERblood clotting, bone formation
oils, plants, fish and meats, green leafy vegetables, green beans, soybean and canola
oils, and liver
synthesize small amts in GI tracts (except infants)
80mcg
deficiency and toxicity both rare
water soluble vitamins - ANSWERB vitamins and vitamin C
likelihood of toxicity is minimal unless consumed in extremely large quantities
(supplements)
B vitamins - ANSWERcoenzymes involved in converting the energy in carbohydrate, fat,
and protein into ATP
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12
bioavailability - ANSWERamount of a vitamin that is absorbed and available to the body
thiamin (B1) - ANSWERcoenzyme for carbohydrates, promotes glucose metabolism
pork, legumes, milk, orange juice, organ meats, and whole and enriched grain
Thiamin deficiency - ANSWERBeriberi: weakness, loss of appetite, irritability, poor arm
and leg coordination, an enlarged heart, and severe edema (where white rice is
common)
Riboflavin (B2) - ANSWERcoenzyme for energy metabolism that requires oxygen
vitamin and mineral metabolism
very sensitive to light
* enriched grains, meat, eggs, and milk products
Riboflavin deficiency - ANSWERariboflavinosis (rare)
glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), cheilosis (cracks around the mouth), sun
sensitivity, and confusion
niacin (B3) - ANSWERnicotinic acid or nicotinamide
release of energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
