Pharmacology exam 1 Lourdes CRNA
(2025-2026) Test Exam with Correct
Verified and Well Analyzed Answers
Graded A+
pharmacology
study of effect of chemicals on living tissue
- has many subdivisions
pharmacokinetis
study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs
- what body does to drug
pharmaceutics
the formulation and preparation of drugs.
pharmacoeconomics
study of economic impact of drugs
toxicology
study of harmful effects of chemicals
pharmacognosy
study of medicinal uses of naturally occurring compounds
- drugs from a plant
pharmacy
preparation and dispensing of drugs
pharmacogenetics
genetic influences by and on drugs
pharmacodynamics
,physiological and biochemical mechanism of action of drugs
- what drug does to body
pharmacogenomics
identifies discrete genetic differences among individuals that play a
critical role in drug response
pharmacoepidemiology
study of the use and effects of drugs on large groups of people
if give a drug and HR goes down to 40 this is an example of
pharmacodynamic effect
if give a drug and liver metabolizes 80% of it this is an example of
pharmacokinetic effect
receptor theory
pharmacodynamics
- dug receptor is macromolecular complex which acts as site of action
for a drug
- are usually proteins involved in production of normal cellular
function
- ex. lock and key --> stereospecificity --> must have right shape and
size for ligand to fit in receptor
can’t have a receptor without an
endogenous chemical
receptors are normally made up of
proteins
Ligand
chemical substances that bind to specific receptor
2 types of ligands
1) agonist
2) antagonist
agonist
bind to a receptor and stimulate the function that receptor serves
- mimics action of endogenous ligand (such as hormone or
neurotransmitter) that binds to same receptor
, antagonist
bind to a receptor and block the function that receptor serves
- has affinity for receptor but no efficacy
competitive binding
reversible (most drugs)
- ex: morphine vs narcan
noncompetitive binding
nonreversible
- ex: aspirin
allosteric agonist (activators)
enhance signal, respectively, by binding to allosteric sites that
influence signal transmission
-binds to one site but works somewhere else
allosteric antagonist
blocks signal, respectively, by binding to allosteric sites that
influence signal transmission
ED50
Effective dose in 50% of population
TD50
Toxic dose in 50% of population
LD50
Lethal dose in 50% of population
LD50/ED50
Therapeutic Index
TD50/ED50
Therapeutic window
therapeutic window
(aka pharmaceutical window)
index for estimation of drug dosage which can treat disease
effectively while staying within the safety range
- ratio between minimum effective concentrations to minimum toxic
concentration
(2025-2026) Test Exam with Correct
Verified and Well Analyzed Answers
Graded A+
pharmacology
study of effect of chemicals on living tissue
- has many subdivisions
pharmacokinetis
study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs
- what body does to drug
pharmaceutics
the formulation and preparation of drugs.
pharmacoeconomics
study of economic impact of drugs
toxicology
study of harmful effects of chemicals
pharmacognosy
study of medicinal uses of naturally occurring compounds
- drugs from a plant
pharmacy
preparation and dispensing of drugs
pharmacogenetics
genetic influences by and on drugs
pharmacodynamics
,physiological and biochemical mechanism of action of drugs
- what drug does to body
pharmacogenomics
identifies discrete genetic differences among individuals that play a
critical role in drug response
pharmacoepidemiology
study of the use and effects of drugs on large groups of people
if give a drug and HR goes down to 40 this is an example of
pharmacodynamic effect
if give a drug and liver metabolizes 80% of it this is an example of
pharmacokinetic effect
receptor theory
pharmacodynamics
- dug receptor is macromolecular complex which acts as site of action
for a drug
- are usually proteins involved in production of normal cellular
function
- ex. lock and key --> stereospecificity --> must have right shape and
size for ligand to fit in receptor
can’t have a receptor without an
endogenous chemical
receptors are normally made up of
proteins
Ligand
chemical substances that bind to specific receptor
2 types of ligands
1) agonist
2) antagonist
agonist
bind to a receptor and stimulate the function that receptor serves
- mimics action of endogenous ligand (such as hormone or
neurotransmitter) that binds to same receptor
, antagonist
bind to a receptor and block the function that receptor serves
- has affinity for receptor but no efficacy
competitive binding
reversible (most drugs)
- ex: morphine vs narcan
noncompetitive binding
nonreversible
- ex: aspirin
allosteric agonist (activators)
enhance signal, respectively, by binding to allosteric sites that
influence signal transmission
-binds to one site but works somewhere else
allosteric antagonist
blocks signal, respectively, by binding to allosteric sites that
influence signal transmission
ED50
Effective dose in 50% of population
TD50
Toxic dose in 50% of population
LD50
Lethal dose in 50% of population
LD50/ED50
Therapeutic Index
TD50/ED50
Therapeutic window
therapeutic window
(aka pharmaceutical window)
index for estimation of drug dosage which can treat disease
effectively while staying within the safety range
- ratio between minimum effective concentrations to minimum toxic
concentration
