,CHAPTER 1 — CELLULAR FUNCTION c n cn cn c n
Question1 — (energyproduction) cn cn cn cn
Which organelle is the primary site of aerobic ATP production via oxidative phosphor
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ylation?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum cn cn
B. Mitochondrion
C. Ribosome
D. Lysosome
Correct answer: B. Mitochondrion Rationa
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le:
Mitochondria generate the majority of cellular ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
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(electron transport chain + chemiosmosis) in the presence of oxygen.
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A is incorrect —
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smoothER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification, n
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ot major ATP production.
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C is incorrect — ribosomes synthesize proteins.
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D is incorrect —
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lysosomes digest macromolecules and damaged organelles but do not produ
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ce ATP. cn
Question2 — Membrane transport cn cn cn cn
A patient receives an IV drug that must enter cells against a concentration gradient. W
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hich transport mechanism is most likely responsible?
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A. Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
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B. Facilitated diffusion through a channel protein cn cn cn cn cn
C. Primary active transport using ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase)
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D. Osmosis
Correct answer: C. Primary active transport using ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-
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ATPase) Rationale: cn
Movement against a concentration gradient requires energy input; primary active
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transport directly uses ATP (or an ATPase) to pump ions or molecules.
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A and B are passive (do not move substances uphill).
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, D (osmosis)is passive movement of water across a semipermeable
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membrane down its gradient. cn cn cn
Question3 — Facilitateddiffusion example cn cn cn cn cn
Glucose entry into skeletal muscle during resting conditions (no insulin present) predominantly
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occurs by:
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A. Simple diffusion through the membrane cn cn cn cn
B. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT transporters (down its concentration gradient)
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C. Active transport by Na⁺/glucose cotransporterrequiring ATP
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D. Endocytosis
Correct answer: B. Facilitateddiffusion via GLUT transporters Rat
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ionale:
Glucose crosses membranes via GLUT transporters (carrier proteins) by facilitated dif
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fusion when no energy is required and transport follows the concentration gradient.
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A is incorrect — glucose is polar and cannot pass by simple diffusion.
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C (Na⁺/glucose cotransport)is used in some epithelia (e.g., intestinal/renal) a
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nd is secondaryactive, not the predominant mechanism in resting muscle.
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D is incorrect —
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endocytosis is not the routine mechanism for glucose uptake.
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Question4 — Osmotic effects on red blood cells
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A patient’s red blood cells placed in a hypertonic IV solution will:
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A. Swell and potentially lyse (hemolysis)
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B. Shrink (crenate) as water leaves the cell
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C. Remain unchanged because RBC membranes are impermeable to water
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D. Gain sodium via active transport and maintain size
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Correct answer: B. Shrink (crenate) as water leaves the cell Rationa
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le:
In a hypertonic environment, extracellular osmolarity is higher than intracellular;
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water moves out of the cell by osmosis, causing cell shrinkage (crenation).
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, A is what happens in hypotonic solutions (water moves in).
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C is false — water crosses membranes rapidly (aquaporins).
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D is incorrect — acute sodium pumping cannot prevent osmotic water shifts.
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Question5 — Cellular adaptation(definitions)
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Which term best describes an increase in cell size (e.g., cardiac myocytes enlarging fro
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m chronic pressure overload)?
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A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correctanswer:C. Hypertrophy Rationale:
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Hypertrophy = increase in cell size (often with increased functional capacity). For
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example, cardiac myocyte hypertrophy occurs with chronic increased workload.
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A (hyperplasia) = increase in cell number.
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B (atrophy) = decrease in cell size and/or number.
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D (metaplasia) = replacement of one adult cell type with another (adaptive c
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hange).
Question6 — Apoptosis vs necrosis
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Which statement correctly distinguishes apoptosis fromnecrosis?
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A. Apoptosis is an inflammatory, uncontrolled cell death; necrosis is programmed a
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nd energy-dependent.
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B. Apoptosis is energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
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inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
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C. Apoptosis only occurs in responseto infection; necrosis only occurs with is
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chemia.
D. Apoptosis always leads to tissue scarring; necrosis never does.
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Correctanswer: B. Apoptosis is energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
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inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
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Question1 — (energyproduction) cn cn cn cn
Which organelle is the primary site of aerobic ATP production via oxidative phosphor
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ylation?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum cn cn
B. Mitochondrion
C. Ribosome
D. Lysosome
Correct answer: B. Mitochondrion Rationa
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le:
Mitochondria generate the majority of cellular ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
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(electron transport chain + chemiosmosis) in the presence of oxygen.
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A is incorrect —
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smoothER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification, n
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ot major ATP production.
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C is incorrect — ribosomes synthesize proteins.
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D is incorrect —
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lysosomes digest macromolecules and damaged organelles but do not produ
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ce ATP. cn
Question2 — Membrane transport cn cn cn cn
A patient receives an IV drug that must enter cells against a concentration gradient. W
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hich transport mechanism is most likely responsible?
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A. Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer
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B. Facilitated diffusion through a channel protein cn cn cn cn cn
C. Primary active transport using ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase)
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D. Osmosis
Correct answer: C. Primary active transport using ATP (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-
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ATPase) Rationale: cn
Movement against a concentration gradient requires energy input; primary active
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transport directly uses ATP (or an ATPase) to pump ions or molecules.
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A and B are passive (do not move substances uphill).
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, D (osmosis)is passive movement of water across a semipermeable
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membrane down its gradient. cn cn cn
Question3 — Facilitateddiffusion example cn cn cn cn cn
Glucose entry into skeletal muscle during resting conditions (no insulin present) predominantly
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occurs by:
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A. Simple diffusion through the membrane cn cn cn cn
B. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT transporters (down its concentration gradient)
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C. Active transport by Na⁺/glucose cotransporterrequiring ATP
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D. Endocytosis
Correct answer: B. Facilitateddiffusion via GLUT transporters Rat
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ionale:
Glucose crosses membranes via GLUT transporters (carrier proteins) by facilitated dif
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fusion when no energy is required and transport follows the concentration gradient.
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A is incorrect — glucose is polar and cannot pass by simple diffusion.
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C (Na⁺/glucose cotransport)is used in some epithelia (e.g., intestinal/renal) a
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nd is secondaryactive, not the predominant mechanism in resting muscle.
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D is incorrect —
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endocytosis is not the routine mechanism for glucose uptake.
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Question4 — Osmotic effects on red blood cells
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A patient’s red blood cells placed in a hypertonic IV solution will:
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A. Swell and potentially lyse (hemolysis)
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B. Shrink (crenate) as water leaves the cell
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C. Remain unchanged because RBC membranes are impermeable to water
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D. Gain sodium via active transport and maintain size
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Correct answer: B. Shrink (crenate) as water leaves the cell Rationa
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le:
In a hypertonic environment, extracellular osmolarity is higher than intracellular;
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water moves out of the cell by osmosis, causing cell shrinkage (crenation).
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, A is what happens in hypotonic solutions (water moves in).
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C is false — water crosses membranes rapidly (aquaporins).
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D is incorrect — acute sodium pumping cannot prevent osmotic water shifts.
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Question5 — Cellular adaptation(definitions)
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Which term best describes an increase in cell size (e.g., cardiac myocytes enlarging fro
cn cn cn cn cn cn cn cn cn cn cn cn cn
m chronic pressure overload)?
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A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correctanswer:C. Hypertrophy Rationale:
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Hypertrophy = increase in cell size (often with increased functional capacity). For
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example, cardiac myocyte hypertrophy occurs with chronic increased workload.
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A (hyperplasia) = increase in cell number.
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B (atrophy) = decrease in cell size and/or number.
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D (metaplasia) = replacement of one adult cell type with another (adaptive c
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hange).
Question6 — Apoptosis vs necrosis
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Which statement correctly distinguishes apoptosis fromnecrosis?
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A. Apoptosis is an inflammatory, uncontrolled cell death; necrosis is programmed a
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nd energy-dependent.
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B. Apoptosis is energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
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inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
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C. Apoptosis only occurs in responseto infection; necrosis only occurs with is
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chemia.
D. Apoptosis always leads to tissue scarring; necrosis never does.
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Correctanswer: B. Apoptosis is energy-dependent, orderly, and typically non-
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inflammatory; necrosis causes membrane rupture and inflammation.
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