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Table of Contents
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0. Communicating Mathematics cn
0.1 Learning Mathematics cn
0.2 What Others Have Said About Writing
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0.3 Mathematical Writing cn
0.4 Using Symbols cn
0.5 Writing Mathematical Expressions cn cn
0.6 Common Words and Phrases in Mathematics cn cn cn cn cn
0.7 Some Closing Comments About Writing
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1. Sets
1.1 Describing a Set cn cn
1.2 Subsets
1.3 Set Operations
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1.4 Indexed Collections of Sets cn cn cn
1.5 Partitions of Sets cn cn
1.6 Cartesian Products of Sets Exercises for Chapter 1
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2. Logic
2.1 Statements
2.2 Negations
2.3 Disjunctions and Conjunctions cn cn
2.4 Implications
2.5 More on Implications cn cn
2.6 Biconditionals
2.7 Tautologies and Contradictions cn cn
2.8 Logical Equivalence cn
2.9 Some Fundamental Properties of Logical Equivalence
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2.10 Quantified Statements cn
2.11 Characterizations Exercises for Chapter 2 cn cn cn cn
3. Direct Proof and Proof by Contrapositive
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3.1 Trivial and Vacuous Proofs cn cn cn
3.2 Direct Proofs cn
3.3 Proof by Contrapositive cn cn
3.4 Proof by Cases cn cn
3.5 Proof Evaluations cn
Exercises for Chapter 3
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4. More on Direct Proof and Proof by Contrapositive
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4.1 Proofs Involving Divisibility of Integers
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4.2 Proofs Involving Congruence of Integers
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4.3 Proofs Involving Real Numbers cn cn cn
4.4 Proofs Involving Sets cn cn
4.5 Fundamental Properties of Set Operations cn cn cn cn
4.6 Proofs Involving Cartesian Products of Sets Exercises for Chapter 4
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5. Existence and Proof by Contradiction
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5.1 Counterexamples
5.2 Proof by Contradiction cn cn
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5.3 A Review of Three Proof Techniques
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5.4 Existence Proofs cn
5.5 Disproving Existence Statements Exercises for Chapter 5
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6. Mathematical Induction cn
6.1 The Principle of Mathematical Induction
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6.2 A More General Principle of Mathematical Induction
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6.3 The Strong Principle of Mathematical Induction
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6.4 Proof by Minimum Counterexample Exercises for Chapter 6
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7. Reviewing Proof Techniques
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7.1 Reviewing Direct Proof and Proof by Contrapositive
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7.2 Reviewing Proof by Contradiction and Existence Proofs
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7.3 Reviewing Induction Proofs cn cn
7.4 Reviewing Evaluations of Proposed Proofs Exercises for Chapter 7
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8. Prove or Disprove
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8.1 Conjectures in Mathematics cn cn
8.2 Revisiting Quantified Statements cn cn
8.3 Testing Statements Exercises for Chapter 8
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9. Equivalence Relations cn
9.1 Relations
9.2 Properties of Relations cn cn
9.3 Equivalence Relations cn
9.4 Properties of Equivalence Classes cn cn cn
9.5 Congruence Modulo n cn cn
9.6 The Integers Modulo n Exercises for Chapter 9
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10. Functions
10.1 The Definition of Function
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10.2 One-to-one and Onto Functions cn cn cn
10.3 Bijective Functions cn
10.4 Composition of Functions cn cn
10.5 Inverse Functions cn cn
Exercises for Chapter 10
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11. Cardinalities of Sets cn cn
11.1 Numerically Equivalent Sets cn cn
11.2 Denumerable Sets cn
11.3 Uncountable Sets cn
11.4 Comparing Cardinalities of Sets cn cn cn
11.5 The Schroder-Bernstein Theorem¨ Exercises for Chapter 11
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12. Proofs in Number Theory
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12.1 Divisibility Properties of Integers cn cn cn
12.2 The Division Algorithm
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12.3 Greatest Common Divisors cn cn
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12.4 The Euclidean Algorithm
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12.5 Relatively Prime Integers cn cn
12.6 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
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12.7 Concepts Involving Sums of Divisors Exercises for Chapter 12
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13. Proofs in Combinatorics
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13.1 The Multiplication and Addition Principles
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13.2 The Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion
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13.3 The Pigeonhole Principle
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13.4 Permutations and Combinations cn cn
13.5 The Pascal Triangle
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13.6 The Binomial Theorem
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13.7 Permutations and Combinations with Repetition Exercises for Chapter 13
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14. Proofs in Calculus
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14.1 Limits of Sequences cn cn
14.2 Infinite Series cn
14.3 Limits of Functions cn cn
14.4 Fundamental Properties of Limits of Functions cn cn cn cn cn
14.5 Continuity
14.6 Differentiability E cn
xercises for Chapter 14
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15. Proofs in Group Theory
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15.1 Binary Operations cn
15.2 Groups
15.3 Permutation Groups cn
15.4 Fundamental Properties of Groups cn cn cn
15.5 Subgroups
15.6 Isomorphic Groups Exercises for Chapter 15 cn cn cn cn cn
16. Proofs in Ring Theory (Online)
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16.1 Rings
16.2 Elementary Properties of Rings cn cn cn
16.3 Subrings
16.4 Integral Domains 16.5 Fields cn cn cn c
Exercises for Chapter 16
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17. Proofs in Linear Algebra (Online)
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17.1 Properties of Vectors in 3-Space cn cn cn cn
17.2 Vector Spaces cn
17.3 Matrices
17.4 Some Properties of Vector Spaces
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17.5 Subspaces
17.6 Spans of Vectors cn cn
17.7 Linear Dependence and Independence
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17.8 Linear Transformations cn
17.9 Properties of Linear Transformations cn cn cn cn
Exercises for Chapter 17
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18. Proofs with Real and Complex Numbers (Online)
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18.1 The Real Numbers as an Ordered Field
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18.2 The Real Numbers and the Completeness Axiom
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18.3 Open and Closed Sets of Real Numbers
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18.4 Compact Sets of Real Numbers cn cn cn cn
18.5 Complex Numbers cn
18.6 De Moivre’s Theorem and Euler’s Formula Exercises for Chapter 18
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