1. Anuria (absence of urine)
2. Dysuria ( painful urnination)
3. Polyuria ( multiple episodes of urinating-diabetes)
4. Urinary frequency (multiple episodes w/ little urine
produced in a short time)
Impaired urinary elimination 5. Urinary hesitancy (the urge to urinate exists, but pt having
hard time starting the stream)
1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3 processes of urine formation 3. tubular secretion
The first step in urine formation in which substances in blood
pass through the filtration membrane and the filtrate enters
Glomerular filtration the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.
Process of reabsorbing water and electrolytes back into the
Tubular reabsorption blood
selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal
Tubular secretion tubules and collecting ducts
Urinary incontinence Leakage of small amounts of urine during physical
movement - ie. coughing, sneezing, exercising.
1. Stress
leakage of small amounts of urine at UNEXPECTED times -
Urinary incontinence
ie. during sleep
2. Urge
Untimely urination because of physical disability, external
Urinary incontinence obstacles, or cognitive problems that prevent from reaching
3. Functional the toilet.
Unexpected leakage of small amounts of urine due to full
Urinary incontinence
bladder
4. Overflow
Leakage that occurs temporarily because of a situation that
Urinary incontinence will pass - ie. UTI, infection, pregnancy, cold with coughing.
5. Transient
, Involuntary loss of urine occurring at predictable intervals
Urinary incontinence when patient reaches bladder volume - ie. spinal cord
6. Reflex damage, loss of urge to void.
Nursing interventions for Sitting in chair, walking
Increase fluids, and fiber
constipation
Anal fissure
anorectal abscess
hemorrhoids
Elimination discomfort interstitial cystitis
exemplars pilonidal cyst
urolithiasis
GI:
Infection-- C. Diff
Inflammation--IBD, UC, Crohns
Elimination infection and Urinary:
inflammation exemplars Infection--UTI, kidney infection, pyelonephritis, kidney
stones
Over age 50
Race - African American have highest rates
Colorectal risk factors Diet - intake of animal fats and red meat
-no insulin is produced
-usually diagnosed in childhood
-cells are starved of glucose since there is no insulin to bring
into the cells
Type 1 diabetes -cells break down protein and fat into energy causing ketones
to build up - acidosis
abrupt!
Polyuria
Type 1 signs and symptoms polydipsia
polyphagia
Insulin only.
Type 1 treatment oral agents will not work
, abrupt
1. not enough insulin
2. blood sugar becomes VERY high
DKA patho 3. cells break down protein and fat into energy
4. ketones build up---acidosis
Ketosis and acidosis
fruity breath
hyperglycemia
DKA signs and symptoms dehydration
kussmaul respiration--trying to blow off CO2
IV insulin
Fluid replacement
DKA treatment Correction of fluid/electrolyte imbalances
Does not produce enough insulin or produces bad insulin that
does not work properly.
Type 2 diabetes
onset usually as an adult
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Type 2 signs and symptoms Polyphagia
Diet and exercise
oral hypoglycemia agents--metformin
Type 2 treatment sometimes insulin
gradual onset
HHS (Hyperglycemic No acidosis present
Hyperosmolar State) patho High amount of glucose in the blood
Hyperglycemia
HHS (Hyperglycemic
Hyperosmolar State) signs
and symptoms
Fluid replacement
HHS (Hyperglycemic Correction of electrolyte imbalances
Hyperosmolar State) Possible insulin administration
Treatment
2. Dysuria ( painful urnination)
3. Polyuria ( multiple episodes of urinating-diabetes)
4. Urinary frequency (multiple episodes w/ little urine
produced in a short time)
Impaired urinary elimination 5. Urinary hesitancy (the urge to urinate exists, but pt having
hard time starting the stream)
1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3 processes of urine formation 3. tubular secretion
The first step in urine formation in which substances in blood
pass through the filtration membrane and the filtrate enters
Glomerular filtration the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.
Process of reabsorbing water and electrolytes back into the
Tubular reabsorption blood
selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal
Tubular secretion tubules and collecting ducts
Urinary incontinence Leakage of small amounts of urine during physical
movement - ie. coughing, sneezing, exercising.
1. Stress
leakage of small amounts of urine at UNEXPECTED times -
Urinary incontinence
ie. during sleep
2. Urge
Untimely urination because of physical disability, external
Urinary incontinence obstacles, or cognitive problems that prevent from reaching
3. Functional the toilet.
Unexpected leakage of small amounts of urine due to full
Urinary incontinence
bladder
4. Overflow
Leakage that occurs temporarily because of a situation that
Urinary incontinence will pass - ie. UTI, infection, pregnancy, cold with coughing.
5. Transient
, Involuntary loss of urine occurring at predictable intervals
Urinary incontinence when patient reaches bladder volume - ie. spinal cord
6. Reflex damage, loss of urge to void.
Nursing interventions for Sitting in chair, walking
Increase fluids, and fiber
constipation
Anal fissure
anorectal abscess
hemorrhoids
Elimination discomfort interstitial cystitis
exemplars pilonidal cyst
urolithiasis
GI:
Infection-- C. Diff
Inflammation--IBD, UC, Crohns
Elimination infection and Urinary:
inflammation exemplars Infection--UTI, kidney infection, pyelonephritis, kidney
stones
Over age 50
Race - African American have highest rates
Colorectal risk factors Diet - intake of animal fats and red meat
-no insulin is produced
-usually diagnosed in childhood
-cells are starved of glucose since there is no insulin to bring
into the cells
Type 1 diabetes -cells break down protein and fat into energy causing ketones
to build up - acidosis
abrupt!
Polyuria
Type 1 signs and symptoms polydipsia
polyphagia
Insulin only.
Type 1 treatment oral agents will not work
, abrupt
1. not enough insulin
2. blood sugar becomes VERY high
DKA patho 3. cells break down protein and fat into energy
4. ketones build up---acidosis
Ketosis and acidosis
fruity breath
hyperglycemia
DKA signs and symptoms dehydration
kussmaul respiration--trying to blow off CO2
IV insulin
Fluid replacement
DKA treatment Correction of fluid/electrolyte imbalances
Does not produce enough insulin or produces bad insulin that
does not work properly.
Type 2 diabetes
onset usually as an adult
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Type 2 signs and symptoms Polyphagia
Diet and exercise
oral hypoglycemia agents--metformin
Type 2 treatment sometimes insulin
gradual onset
HHS (Hyperglycemic No acidosis present
Hyperosmolar State) patho High amount of glucose in the blood
Hyperglycemia
HHS (Hyperglycemic
Hyperosmolar State) signs
and symptoms
Fluid replacement
HHS (Hyperglycemic Correction of electrolyte imbalances
Hyperosmolar State) Possible insulin administration
Treatment
