Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - correct answers ✔✔ -Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
m m m m m m m m m
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - correct answers ✔✔ -1. Pyruvate -->
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
m m m m m
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
m m m m m m m m m m
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
m m m m m m m m m m m m
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
m m m m m m m
, 4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
lipogenesis
m
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - correct answers ✔✔ -Heart disease, Alzheimers,
m m m m m m m m m m m m
Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin
m m m m m m m m m m m
destruction, damage mitochondria
m m m
What is the body's defense against ROS? - correct answers ✔✔ -Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
m m m m m
How are free radicals produced? - correct answers ✔✔ -1. Normal cellular respiration
m m m m m m m m m m m m
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
m m m m m m m m
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
m m m m m m m
4. Transition of metals
m m m
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
m m m m m m m m m m m
action potential - correct answers ✔✔ -Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
m m m m m
Threshold potential - correct answers ✔✔ -Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
an action potential
m m m
Hypokalemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100).
m m m m m m m m m m m m
Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia,
m m m m m m m m m m
cardiac dysrhythmias
m m
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
m m m m m m m
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
m m m m m m m m m m m
paralysis
m
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -Increased permeability to Na+. More
m m m m m m m m m m m m
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
m m m m m m m
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -Decreased permeability to Na+. Less
m m m m m m m m m m m m
excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
m m m m m m m m m m
Atrophy - correct answers ✔✔ -Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), *liver*
m m m m m m m m m
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: - correct answers ✔✔ -1. Pyruvate -->
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
m m m m m
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
m m m m m m m m m m
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
m m m m m m m m m m m m
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
m m m m m m m
, 4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
lipogenesis
m
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - correct answers ✔✔ -Heart disease, Alzheimers,
m m m m m m m m m m m m
Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin
m m m m m m m m m m m
destruction, damage mitochondria
m m m
What is the body's defense against ROS? - correct answers ✔✔ -Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)
m m m m m
How are free radicals produced? - correct answers ✔✔ -1. Normal cellular respiration
m m m m m m m m m m m m
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
m m m m m m m m
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
m m m m m m m
4. Transition of metals
m m m
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
m m m m m m m m m m m
action potential - correct answers ✔✔ -Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
m m m m m
Threshold potential - correct answers ✔✔ -Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
an action potential
m m m
Hypokalemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100).
m m m m m m m m m m m m
Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia,
m m m m m m m m m m
cardiac dysrhythmias
m m
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to
m m m m m m m m m m m m m
0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
m m m m m m m
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
m m m m m m m m m m m
paralysis
m
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -Increased permeability to Na+. More
m m m m m m m m m m m m
excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
m m m m m m m
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - correct answers ✔✔ -Decreased permeability to Na+. Less
m m m m m m m m m m m m
excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
m m m m m m m m m m
Atrophy - correct answers ✔✔ -Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply,
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
