ESRM 304 FINAL | 187 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
2026 | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
model or theory Answer - explanation of an observed pattern, usually relate a
response (DV) to one or more factors (IV)
manipulative experiments vs natural experiments Answer - manipulative:
random, representative, replicable, have potential to reveal causation
natural: large scale, no randomization, no replication, only capable of revealing
association
traits of a good hypothesis Answer - internal consistency, explanatory value,
advances knowledge, testable
three R's of experiments Answer - randomization
representation
replication
can we prove that a hypothesis is true or false by a statistical test? Answer -
no, we can only determine that there are reasonable grounds for rejecting or
failing to reject the hypothesis
inductive logic rules only permit the possibility of... Answer - rejecting a
hypothesis, never acceptance
,there is always a possibility of error because... Answer - we have not observed
the entire population
the _____ is the probability of observing the sample test statistic if H0 is true
Answer - p-value
t-testing hypotheses Answer - - H0 says the value is equal
- HA says the value is greater than, less than, or unequal
- either reject H0 or fail to reject H0
type I error Answer - rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true (false
negative)
type II error Answer - fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false
(false positive)
one-sided v. two-sided Answer - two-sided: describes departure from H0 in
two directions (non-directional)
one-sided: described departure from H0 in a specific direction (directional)
the default is a _____ t-test Answer - two-sided
if HA: u1 - u2 < 0, calculate P from the _____ tail (less than 0) only Answer -
lower
if HA: u1 - u2 > 0, calculate P from the _____ tail (greater than 0) only Answer -
upper
, the confidence interval is based on the underlying __________ of the
population from which the sample is drawn Answer - probability distribution
standard deviation for a population Answer - o = square root [(sum of values -
mean value)^2 / (n)]
standard deviation for a sample Answer - o = square root [(sum of values -
mean value)^2 / (n - 1)]
standard error Answer - SE= standard deviation / square root(n)
the standard t-test to compare two means makes two important assumptions:
Answer - 1) the observations are random samples from a normal distribution
2) the variances of the two populations are equal
multi-resource inventories provide information on... Answer - structure,
variability, and processes
surveys are best _____ for efficiency Answer - stratified
components of multi-resource inventories: Answer - - coarse woody litter
(LOD)
- groundstory component
- understory component
- overstory component
2026 | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
model or theory Answer - explanation of an observed pattern, usually relate a
response (DV) to one or more factors (IV)
manipulative experiments vs natural experiments Answer - manipulative:
random, representative, replicable, have potential to reveal causation
natural: large scale, no randomization, no replication, only capable of revealing
association
traits of a good hypothesis Answer - internal consistency, explanatory value,
advances knowledge, testable
three R's of experiments Answer - randomization
representation
replication
can we prove that a hypothesis is true or false by a statistical test? Answer -
no, we can only determine that there are reasonable grounds for rejecting or
failing to reject the hypothesis
inductive logic rules only permit the possibility of... Answer - rejecting a
hypothesis, never acceptance
,there is always a possibility of error because... Answer - we have not observed
the entire population
the _____ is the probability of observing the sample test statistic if H0 is true
Answer - p-value
t-testing hypotheses Answer - - H0 says the value is equal
- HA says the value is greater than, less than, or unequal
- either reject H0 or fail to reject H0
type I error Answer - rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true (false
negative)
type II error Answer - fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false
(false positive)
one-sided v. two-sided Answer - two-sided: describes departure from H0 in
two directions (non-directional)
one-sided: described departure from H0 in a specific direction (directional)
the default is a _____ t-test Answer - two-sided
if HA: u1 - u2 < 0, calculate P from the _____ tail (less than 0) only Answer -
lower
if HA: u1 - u2 > 0, calculate P from the _____ tail (greater than 0) only Answer -
upper
, the confidence interval is based on the underlying __________ of the
population from which the sample is drawn Answer - probability distribution
standard deviation for a population Answer - o = square root [(sum of values -
mean value)^2 / (n)]
standard deviation for a sample Answer - o = square root [(sum of values -
mean value)^2 / (n - 1)]
standard error Answer - SE= standard deviation / square root(n)
the standard t-test to compare two means makes two important assumptions:
Answer - 1) the observations are random samples from a normal distribution
2) the variances of the two populations are equal
multi-resource inventories provide information on... Answer - structure,
variability, and processes
surveys are best _____ for efficiency Answer - stratified
components of multi-resource inventories: Answer - - coarse woody litter
(LOD)
- groundstory component
- understory component
- overstory component
