PN2003
1. Jaundice - Mean- Yellow skin/eyes due to too much bilirubin in the blood.
ing & Lab Values
Bilirubin comes from broken-down red blood cells.
Causes 3 Main Areas (Remember: P-H-P)
Pre-hepatic (Before the liver) = Too many RBCs breaking down (e.g., hemolysis).
Hepatic (In the liver) = Liver damage (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis).
Post-hepatic (After the liver) = Blocked bile ducts (e.g., gallstones).
Key Lab Values to Know (Remember: T-D-I)
Total Bilirubin (T) = 0.3 to 1.2 mg/dLIf high: Jaundice is present.
Direct Bilirubin (D) = 0.1 to 0.4 mg/dLIf high: Post-hepatic (bile duct problem).
Indirect Bilirubin (I) = 0.2 to 0.8 mg/dLIf high: Pre-hepatic (too many RBCs
breaking down).
2. Age related
changes in In-
tegumentary
3. Age related Heart Valves: Become thicker and more rigid (sclerosis and fibrosis).
changes in Car- Aorta: Dilated, which may contribute to increased blood pressure.
diovascular Ventricular Hypertrophy: The left ventricular wall becomes thicker, reducing the
heart's efficiency.
Decreased Blood Flow: Weakened muscle function leads to reduced cardiac out-
put.
Vascular Changes: Reduced elasticity of blood vessels, leading to higher blood
pressure.
Baroreceptor Sensitivity: Decreased sensitivity, leading to orthostatic hypotension
4. Age related Lung Size & Weight: Decreases with age.
changes in Respi- Weaker Connective Tissues: Reduced elasticity in lung tissues, making breathing
ratory less efficient.
Tracheal Stiffening: Calcification in the trachea, reducing airway flexibility.
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, PN2003
Thicker Hair in Nostrils: Leads to accumulation of dirt and dust particles, affecting
air quality.
Expiration Requires Effort: Expiration becomes more difficult, requiring accessory
muscle use
5. Age related Bone Mass: Decreases, leading to brittle bones and increased risk of fractures
changes in Mus- (osteoporosis).
culoskeletal Joint Flexibility: Reduces due to cartilage breakdown, leading to stiffness.
Height Loss: Occurs due to vertebral compression and shortening.
Muscle Mass: Decreases, contributing to weakness and slower reflexes
6. Age related Hormone Production: Decreases across many glands, such as thyroid and adrenal
changes in En- glands.
docrine Glucose Metabolism: Decreased ability to conserve sodium and reduced glucose
reabsorption, increasing the risk for diabetes or worsening its control
7. Age related Decreased Saliva Production: Leads to dry mouth and difficulty swallowing (dys-
changes in Gas- phagia).
trointestinal Esophageal Changes: The esophagus becomes more dilated, and motility decreas-
es, leading to reflux.
Atrophy of Gastric Mucosa: Decreases stomach acidity, slowing digestion and
reducing hunger contractions.
Intestinal Blood Flow: Reduced, leading to slower peristalsis and increased risk of
constipation.
Liver Function: Decreases, leading to slower drug metabolism
8. Age related Bladder Control: More frequent urination (nocturia), urgency, and reduced blad-
changes in Geni- der elasticity.
tourinary Prostate Enlargement (in Men): Leads to urinary retention and other urinary
problems.
Weakening of Pelvic Floor Muscles (in Women): Increases the risk for uterine
prolapse and incontinence
2/5
1. Jaundice - Mean- Yellow skin/eyes due to too much bilirubin in the blood.
ing & Lab Values
Bilirubin comes from broken-down red blood cells.
Causes 3 Main Areas (Remember: P-H-P)
Pre-hepatic (Before the liver) = Too many RBCs breaking down (e.g., hemolysis).
Hepatic (In the liver) = Liver damage (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis).
Post-hepatic (After the liver) = Blocked bile ducts (e.g., gallstones).
Key Lab Values to Know (Remember: T-D-I)
Total Bilirubin (T) = 0.3 to 1.2 mg/dLIf high: Jaundice is present.
Direct Bilirubin (D) = 0.1 to 0.4 mg/dLIf high: Post-hepatic (bile duct problem).
Indirect Bilirubin (I) = 0.2 to 0.8 mg/dLIf high: Pre-hepatic (too many RBCs
breaking down).
2. Age related
changes in In-
tegumentary
3. Age related Heart Valves: Become thicker and more rigid (sclerosis and fibrosis).
changes in Car- Aorta: Dilated, which may contribute to increased blood pressure.
diovascular Ventricular Hypertrophy: The left ventricular wall becomes thicker, reducing the
heart's efficiency.
Decreased Blood Flow: Weakened muscle function leads to reduced cardiac out-
put.
Vascular Changes: Reduced elasticity of blood vessels, leading to higher blood
pressure.
Baroreceptor Sensitivity: Decreased sensitivity, leading to orthostatic hypotension
4. Age related Lung Size & Weight: Decreases with age.
changes in Respi- Weaker Connective Tissues: Reduced elasticity in lung tissues, making breathing
ratory less efficient.
Tracheal Stiffening: Calcification in the trachea, reducing airway flexibility.
1/5
, PN2003
Thicker Hair in Nostrils: Leads to accumulation of dirt and dust particles, affecting
air quality.
Expiration Requires Effort: Expiration becomes more difficult, requiring accessory
muscle use
5. Age related Bone Mass: Decreases, leading to brittle bones and increased risk of fractures
changes in Mus- (osteoporosis).
culoskeletal Joint Flexibility: Reduces due to cartilage breakdown, leading to stiffness.
Height Loss: Occurs due to vertebral compression and shortening.
Muscle Mass: Decreases, contributing to weakness and slower reflexes
6. Age related Hormone Production: Decreases across many glands, such as thyroid and adrenal
changes in En- glands.
docrine Glucose Metabolism: Decreased ability to conserve sodium and reduced glucose
reabsorption, increasing the risk for diabetes or worsening its control
7. Age related Decreased Saliva Production: Leads to dry mouth and difficulty swallowing (dys-
changes in Gas- phagia).
trointestinal Esophageal Changes: The esophagus becomes more dilated, and motility decreas-
es, leading to reflux.
Atrophy of Gastric Mucosa: Decreases stomach acidity, slowing digestion and
reducing hunger contractions.
Intestinal Blood Flow: Reduced, leading to slower peristalsis and increased risk of
constipation.
Liver Function: Decreases, leading to slower drug metabolism
8. Age related Bladder Control: More frequent urination (nocturia), urgency, and reduced blad-
changes in Geni- der elasticity.
tourinary Prostate Enlargement (in Men): Leads to urinary retention and other urinary
problems.
Weakening of Pelvic Floor Muscles (in Women): Increases the risk for uterine
prolapse and incontinence
2/5
