NUR 1020 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Preload/Afterload - ✔✔Preload: volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
(higher in hypervolemia & HF)
Afterload: resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood (higher in HTN)
✔✔Types of Hypertension - ✔✔Primary: 90-95% of HTN cases. Caused by family
history, lifestyle, excess sodium & caffeine, etc.
Secondary: caused by another disease or medication
✔✔equation for blood pressure - ✔✔BP = CO (Cardiac Output) x SVR (systemic
vascular resistance)
✔✔Potassium sparing diuretics - ✔✔weak diuretics that interfere with the sodium
potassium exchange - cause excretion of sodium but not potassium
can cause hyperkalemia
generics: spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride
✔✔Thiazide diuretics - ✔✔include anything with "thiazide" in name
decrease sodium reabsorption in renal distal convoluted tubule
most common oral diuretics
can cause low levels of electrolytes (hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, etc.) and
hyperglycemia
✔✔loop diuretics - ✔✔generics: furosemide (Lasix) & bumetanide (Bumex)
reduce sodium reabsorption in thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle
loop = lose potassium
✔✔expectorant - ✔✔a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
✔✔ACE inhibitors - ✔✔the "-prils" (quinapril, lisinopril...)
treat HTN by slowing the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) - blood vessels relax
**Remember - ACEs & ARBs contraindicated in African Americans
, ✔✔side effects of ACE inhibitors - ✔✔cough, angioedema, hyperkalemia
✔✔ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers) - ✔✔- the "sartans"
- example: losartan
Inhibit effects of angiotensin (constricts blood vessels)
✔✔phlebitis - ✔✔Inflammation of a vein as a result of trauma by a needle or catheter
signs: redness, warmth, slight edema of vein above insertion site, tenderness
✔✔right vs. left CVA - ✔✔right: spacial-perceptual deficits, lack of impulse control,
impaired concept of time, left body weakness
left: right body weakness, impaired speech, depression, anxiety, impaired
comprehension
✔✔ischemic stroke - ✔✔Most common type of stroke, impaired blood supply to brain -
no oxygen
numbness, confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, poor balance,
headache
✔✔hemorragic stroke - ✔✔12-20% of strokes; caused by disruption of blood supply
causing bleeding in brain
main cause: untreated HTN & aneurysm rupture
sudden headache, seizure, change of consciousness, one sided weakness
✔✔Calcium Channel Blockers - ✔✔agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into
heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for
oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to
cause dilation;
✔✔Side effect of Calcium Channel Blockers - ✔✔Peripheral edema, bradycardia,
abdominal discomfort
✔✔side effects of ARBs - ✔✔orthostatic hypotension, hyperkalemia
**Avoid salt substitutes - these add additional potassium & can increase chances of
hyperkalemia
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Preload/Afterload - ✔✔Preload: volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
(higher in hypervolemia & HF)
Afterload: resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood (higher in HTN)
✔✔Types of Hypertension - ✔✔Primary: 90-95% of HTN cases. Caused by family
history, lifestyle, excess sodium & caffeine, etc.
Secondary: caused by another disease or medication
✔✔equation for blood pressure - ✔✔BP = CO (Cardiac Output) x SVR (systemic
vascular resistance)
✔✔Potassium sparing diuretics - ✔✔weak diuretics that interfere with the sodium
potassium exchange - cause excretion of sodium but not potassium
can cause hyperkalemia
generics: spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride
✔✔Thiazide diuretics - ✔✔include anything with "thiazide" in name
decrease sodium reabsorption in renal distal convoluted tubule
most common oral diuretics
can cause low levels of electrolytes (hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, etc.) and
hyperglycemia
✔✔loop diuretics - ✔✔generics: furosemide (Lasix) & bumetanide (Bumex)
reduce sodium reabsorption in thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle
loop = lose potassium
✔✔expectorant - ✔✔a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
✔✔ACE inhibitors - ✔✔the "-prils" (quinapril, lisinopril...)
treat HTN by slowing the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) - blood vessels relax
**Remember - ACEs & ARBs contraindicated in African Americans
, ✔✔side effects of ACE inhibitors - ✔✔cough, angioedema, hyperkalemia
✔✔ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers) - ✔✔- the "sartans"
- example: losartan
Inhibit effects of angiotensin (constricts blood vessels)
✔✔phlebitis - ✔✔Inflammation of a vein as a result of trauma by a needle or catheter
signs: redness, warmth, slight edema of vein above insertion site, tenderness
✔✔right vs. left CVA - ✔✔right: spacial-perceptual deficits, lack of impulse control,
impaired concept of time, left body weakness
left: right body weakness, impaired speech, depression, anxiety, impaired
comprehension
✔✔ischemic stroke - ✔✔Most common type of stroke, impaired blood supply to brain -
no oxygen
numbness, confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, poor balance,
headache
✔✔hemorragic stroke - ✔✔12-20% of strokes; caused by disruption of blood supply
causing bleeding in brain
main cause: untreated HTN & aneurysm rupture
sudden headache, seizure, change of consciousness, one sided weakness
✔✔Calcium Channel Blockers - ✔✔agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into
heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for
oxygen and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to
cause dilation;
✔✔Side effect of Calcium Channel Blockers - ✔✔Peripheral edema, bradycardia,
abdominal discomfort
✔✔side effects of ARBs - ✔✔orthostatic hypotension, hyperkalemia
**Avoid salt substitutes - these add additional potassium & can increase chances of
hyperkalemia
