BioS255 comprehensive exam
Function of nervous system - answer-Control of body's internal environment to maintain
'homeostasis'
-Programming of spinal cord reflexes
-Memory and learning
-Voluntary control of movement
Positive & negative feedback - answerA positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying
cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction.
A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change, and
activates mechanisms to reverse that change.
The name of the joint in the ankle – answer talocrural joint
characteristics of epithelial tissue - answer cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity,
regeneration
Properties of synovial joints - answer**Hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial
membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments**
-Involve movement between joints
The surface of the joint is covered by a fluid filled capsule.
-The synovial fluid is trapped under the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant
between the bones.
-Cartilage at the ends of the bone acts as a cushion and shock absorber.
3 protein fibers in connective tissues - answercollagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and
reticular fibers.
chondroitin sulfate - answerprovides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin,
and blood vessels
Sacrum— illium - answeranswer
Keratin - answerA fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails
Sweat glands location and function - answerEccrine glands: help to maintain
homoeostasis, primarily by stabilizing body temperature. Smaller glands and excretes
on top of skin ((feet, forehead, cheeks)
Apocrine glands: continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule. ((armpit,
groin, nipple area)
Hard palate bone - answer-formed by maxilla and palatine bones
, The shaft of the bone is called - answerEnd-> Epiphysis
Middle/shaft -->>diaphysis
Articular process of bone - answerlimits rotation
What happens during osteoclasts - answerOsteoclasts are responsible for aged bone
resorption
osteoBlasts are responsible for new bone formation
5 steps of endochondral ossification - answer1. Chondrocytes enlarge and matrix
begins to calcify
2. Bone formation starts at the shaft surface
3. Blood vessels invade inner region of cartilage
4. Osteoclasts begin to break down spongy bone in center
5. Centers of the epiphyses begin to calcify
Smallest unit (fiber) in skeletal muscle - answerSarcomere
Steps that occur during muscle contraction - answer1)Action potential generated, which
stimulates muscle
2)Ca2+ released
3)Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting the actin filaments, which exposes binding sites
4)Myosin cross bridges attach & detach, pulling actin filaments toward center (requires
ATP)
5)Muscle contracts
6)Ca2+ removed, which shifts actin filaments to original position, blocking binding sites
7)Muscle contraction stops
action potential triggering - answer-occurs when a neuron sends information down an
axon, away from the cell body.
1. At rest, voltage-gated Na+ and K + gates are closed.
2. Chemical or mechanical stimulus causes a graded potential to reach at least (-55mV
or threshold) This is "depolarization"2. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+
rushes into cell
3. Only a total of 20,000 Na+ actually enter the cell, but they change the membrane
potential considerably (up to +30mV)
muscle stimulation - answerA Muscle Contraction Is Triggered When an Action Potential
Travels Along the Nerves to the Muscles. Muscle contraction begins when the nervous
system generates a signal. The signal, an impulse called an action potential, travels
through a type of nerve cell called a motor neuron.
What does a synergistic muscle do - answeralso called fixators, act around a joint to
help the action of an agonist muscle. (iliacus, psoas major, and rectus femoris)
Function of nervous system - answer-Control of body's internal environment to maintain
'homeostasis'
-Programming of spinal cord reflexes
-Memory and learning
-Voluntary control of movement
Positive & negative feedback - answerA positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying
cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction.
A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change, and
activates mechanisms to reverse that change.
The name of the joint in the ankle – answer talocrural joint
characteristics of epithelial tissue - answer cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity,
regeneration
Properties of synovial joints - answer**Hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial
membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments**
-Involve movement between joints
The surface of the joint is covered by a fluid filled capsule.
-The synovial fluid is trapped under the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant
between the bones.
-Cartilage at the ends of the bone acts as a cushion and shock absorber.
3 protein fibers in connective tissues - answercollagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and
reticular fibers.
chondroitin sulfate - answerprovides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin,
and blood vessels
Sacrum— illium - answeranswer
Keratin - answerA fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails
Sweat glands location and function - answerEccrine glands: help to maintain
homoeostasis, primarily by stabilizing body temperature. Smaller glands and excretes
on top of skin ((feet, forehead, cheeks)
Apocrine glands: continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule. ((armpit,
groin, nipple area)
Hard palate bone - answer-formed by maxilla and palatine bones
, The shaft of the bone is called - answerEnd-> Epiphysis
Middle/shaft -->>diaphysis
Articular process of bone - answerlimits rotation
What happens during osteoclasts - answerOsteoclasts are responsible for aged bone
resorption
osteoBlasts are responsible for new bone formation
5 steps of endochondral ossification - answer1. Chondrocytes enlarge and matrix
begins to calcify
2. Bone formation starts at the shaft surface
3. Blood vessels invade inner region of cartilage
4. Osteoclasts begin to break down spongy bone in center
5. Centers of the epiphyses begin to calcify
Smallest unit (fiber) in skeletal muscle - answerSarcomere
Steps that occur during muscle contraction - answer1)Action potential generated, which
stimulates muscle
2)Ca2+ released
3)Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting the actin filaments, which exposes binding sites
4)Myosin cross bridges attach & detach, pulling actin filaments toward center (requires
ATP)
5)Muscle contracts
6)Ca2+ removed, which shifts actin filaments to original position, blocking binding sites
7)Muscle contraction stops
action potential triggering - answer-occurs when a neuron sends information down an
axon, away from the cell body.
1. At rest, voltage-gated Na+ and K + gates are closed.
2. Chemical or mechanical stimulus causes a graded potential to reach at least (-55mV
or threshold) This is "depolarization"2. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+
rushes into cell
3. Only a total of 20,000 Na+ actually enter the cell, but they change the membrane
potential considerably (up to +30mV)
muscle stimulation - answerA Muscle Contraction Is Triggered When an Action Potential
Travels Along the Nerves to the Muscles. Muscle contraction begins when the nervous
system generates a signal. The signal, an impulse called an action potential, travels
through a type of nerve cell called a motor neuron.
What does a synergistic muscle do - answeralso called fixators, act around a joint to
help the action of an agonist muscle. (iliacus, psoas major, and rectus femoris)
