MED SURGE 2 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
1. what is diabetes?: a chronic multi-system disease characterized by
hyperglycemia related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin use or both
2. which type of diabetes is more common?: type 2!
3. what environmental factors cause type 1 diabetes?: virus and toxins
4. what environmental factors cause type 2 diabetes?: obesity and lack of
exercise
5. what is a normal glucose level?: 74-106
6. what is type 1 diabetes?: body develops antibodies against insulin and or
pancreatic B cells that produce insulin resulting in not enough insulin to survive
7. what are the causes of type 1 diabetes?: -genetic predisposition (HLAs) &
exposure to virus
-idiopathic (no clear cause)
-latent autoimmune diabetes (slow developing type 1)
8. when do manifestations develop with type 1 diabetes?: develop when
pancreas can no longer make enough insulin, then rapid onset with ketoacidosis
9.what do people with type 1 diabetes require?: ** require exogenous insulin!!
10. what are the classic symptoms with type 1 diabetes?: -polyuria
,(frequent urination)
-polydipsia (excessive thirst)
-polyphagia (excessive hunger)
-weight loss, weakness, fatigue, ketoacidosis
(all symptoms have to do with severe dehydration- high and dry!)
• what is diabetic ketoacidosis?: -liver breaks down fat (lipolysis) -byproduct is
ketones, which can be used for energy but quickly build up and create acidosis
• diabetic ketoacidosis is a medical emergency! what do you treat it with?-
: insulin!
-sometimes potassium and insulin so you don't tank K
• what are signs and symptoms of DKA?: -extreme thirst
-headache
-frequent urination
-N/V
-feeling very tired or weak
,-
abdominal pain
-fruity smelling breath
-rapid, deep breathing (kusmal respirations)
• what is type 2 diabetes?: -most prevalent (90-95%)
-pancreas usually makes some endogenous insulin but not enough insulin is
produced and/or body does not use insulin effectively
• what is the major distinction between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?: the
presence of endogenous insulin!!!
-in type 1 diabetes there is NO endogenous insulin
• what are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes?: -overweight or obese -
advanced age
-family history
-prevalence in children due to obesity
-greater prevalence in ethnic groups
• what are the causes of type 2 diabetes?: -genetic link and problems with how
the body uses insulin:
-insulin resistance
-
, -
-decreased insulin production by pancreas inappropriate hepatic glucose
production
-
• what factors are involved in the development of type 2 diabetes?:
production of hormones and cytokines by adipose tissue (adipokines:
adiponectin and leptin)
-the brain, kidneys and gut have roles in developing type 2
-metabolic syndrome
• what are the criteria of metabolic syndrome?: **3/5 of these is considered
metabolic syndrome!
-low levels of HDL cholesterol
-elevated blood sugar levels
-high BP
-excess weight in abdomen
-hypertriglyceridemia
• What are some common characteristics of the onset and diagnosis of type
2 diabetes?: -gradual onset
-high blood sugar may go unnoticed for years
-often found through routine lab tests showing high glucose or A1C
-
-
1. what is diabetes?: a chronic multi-system disease characterized by
hyperglycemia related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin use or both
2. which type of diabetes is more common?: type 2!
3. what environmental factors cause type 1 diabetes?: virus and toxins
4. what environmental factors cause type 2 diabetes?: obesity and lack of
exercise
5. what is a normal glucose level?: 74-106
6. what is type 1 diabetes?: body develops antibodies against insulin and or
pancreatic B cells that produce insulin resulting in not enough insulin to survive
7. what are the causes of type 1 diabetes?: -genetic predisposition (HLAs) &
exposure to virus
-idiopathic (no clear cause)
-latent autoimmune diabetes (slow developing type 1)
8. when do manifestations develop with type 1 diabetes?: develop when
pancreas can no longer make enough insulin, then rapid onset with ketoacidosis
9.what do people with type 1 diabetes require?: ** require exogenous insulin!!
10. what are the classic symptoms with type 1 diabetes?: -polyuria
,(frequent urination)
-polydipsia (excessive thirst)
-polyphagia (excessive hunger)
-weight loss, weakness, fatigue, ketoacidosis
(all symptoms have to do with severe dehydration- high and dry!)
• what is diabetic ketoacidosis?: -liver breaks down fat (lipolysis) -byproduct is
ketones, which can be used for energy but quickly build up and create acidosis
• diabetic ketoacidosis is a medical emergency! what do you treat it with?-
: insulin!
-sometimes potassium and insulin so you don't tank K
• what are signs and symptoms of DKA?: -extreme thirst
-headache
-frequent urination
-N/V
-feeling very tired or weak
,-
abdominal pain
-fruity smelling breath
-rapid, deep breathing (kusmal respirations)
• what is type 2 diabetes?: -most prevalent (90-95%)
-pancreas usually makes some endogenous insulin but not enough insulin is
produced and/or body does not use insulin effectively
• what is the major distinction between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?: the
presence of endogenous insulin!!!
-in type 1 diabetes there is NO endogenous insulin
• what are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes?: -overweight or obese -
advanced age
-family history
-prevalence in children due to obesity
-greater prevalence in ethnic groups
• what are the causes of type 2 diabetes?: -genetic link and problems with how
the body uses insulin:
-insulin resistance
-
, -
-decreased insulin production by pancreas inappropriate hepatic glucose
production
-
• what factors are involved in the development of type 2 diabetes?:
production of hormones and cytokines by adipose tissue (adipokines:
adiponectin and leptin)
-the brain, kidneys and gut have roles in developing type 2
-metabolic syndrome
• what are the criteria of metabolic syndrome?: **3/5 of these is considered
metabolic syndrome!
-low levels of HDL cholesterol
-elevated blood sugar levels
-high BP
-excess weight in abdomen
-hypertriglyceridemia
• What are some common characteristics of the onset and diagnosis of type
2 diabetes?: -gradual onset
-high blood sugar may go unnoticed for years
-often found through routine lab tests showing high glucose or A1C
-
-
