Comprehensive Cardiovascular System: Heart Failure,
Valvular Disease, and Cardiac Interventions questions and
verified answers ( detailed & elaborated) ACTUAL EXAM
2026 TEST!!
Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS General term for the inability of the heart to work
effectively as a pump.
Left sided failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Type of heart failure where the left side of the heart is
unable to pump effectively.
Right sided failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Type of heart failure where the right side of the
heart is unable to pump effectively.
High Output failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Type of heart failure characterized by the heart
pumping an abnormally high volume of blood.
Left-sided Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Most common type of heart failure, often
associated with fluid accumulation.
Systolic LHF-HFrEF - CORRECT ANSWERS Left-sided heart failure with reduced ejection
fraction.
Diastolic LHF-HFpEF - CORRECT ANSWERS Left-sided heart failure with preserved ejection
fraction.
Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS Percentage of blood ejected out of the left or right
ventricle.
,Normal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS 50-70%.
Mildly Abnormal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS 40-50%.
Moderately Abnormal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS 30-40%.
Severely Abnormal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS Below 30%.
Signs/Symptoms of Left Side Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Look where the blood is
going or not going.
Right Sided Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Condition characterized by systemic
congestion and other symptoms.
Signs/Symptoms of Right Sided Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Includes systemic
congestion, jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly.
Laboratory and Radiology Assessments - CORRECT ANSWERS Includes ECG, Chest X-rays
(CXR), Echocardiography, and other tests.
ACC/AHA HF Guidelines - CORRECT ANSWERS Guidelines for heart failure management by the
American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association.
New York Heart Association Functional Classification - CORRECT ANSWERS Classification of
cardiovascular disability based on physical activity limitations.
Grade A - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient at high risk for developing heart failure.
, Class 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with heart disease but without resulting limitations of
physical activity.
Grade B - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling
who have not developed symptoms.
Grade C - CORRECT ANSWERS Patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure.
Class 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac disease resulting in slight limitations of
physical activity; comfortable at rest; ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea,
or anginal pain.
Class 3 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac disease resulting in marked limitation of
physical activity; comfortable at rest; less than ordinary physical activity causes fatigue, palpitations,
dyspnea, or anginal pain.
Grade D - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with refractory end-stage heart failure.
Class 4 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac disease resulting in inability to carry out any
physical activity without discomfort; symptoms of cardiac insufficiency or anginal syndrome may be
present, even at rest; if any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort is increased.
Fluid accumulation treatment - CORRECT ANSWERS Fluid restrictions divided over 3 8-hour
shifts: Example: 1800 ml/day; 0700-1500: 900 mls, 1500-2300: 500 mls, 2300-0700: 400 mls.
Non-Drug interventions - CORRECT ANSWERS Heart Transplant, Ventricular Assistive device,
CPAP, Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), Cardio MEMS implantable monitoring system,
Investigative gene therapy, Surgery to deal with remodeling of heart.
Valvular Disease, and Cardiac Interventions questions and
verified answers ( detailed & elaborated) ACTUAL EXAM
2026 TEST!!
Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS General term for the inability of the heart to work
effectively as a pump.
Left sided failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Type of heart failure where the left side of the heart is
unable to pump effectively.
Right sided failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Type of heart failure where the right side of the
heart is unable to pump effectively.
High Output failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Type of heart failure characterized by the heart
pumping an abnormally high volume of blood.
Left-sided Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Most common type of heart failure, often
associated with fluid accumulation.
Systolic LHF-HFrEF - CORRECT ANSWERS Left-sided heart failure with reduced ejection
fraction.
Diastolic LHF-HFpEF - CORRECT ANSWERS Left-sided heart failure with preserved ejection
fraction.
Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS Percentage of blood ejected out of the left or right
ventricle.
,Normal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS 50-70%.
Mildly Abnormal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS 40-50%.
Moderately Abnormal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS 30-40%.
Severely Abnormal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS Below 30%.
Signs/Symptoms of Left Side Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Look where the blood is
going or not going.
Right Sided Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Condition characterized by systemic
congestion and other symptoms.
Signs/Symptoms of Right Sided Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Includes systemic
congestion, jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly.
Laboratory and Radiology Assessments - CORRECT ANSWERS Includes ECG, Chest X-rays
(CXR), Echocardiography, and other tests.
ACC/AHA HF Guidelines - CORRECT ANSWERS Guidelines for heart failure management by the
American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association.
New York Heart Association Functional Classification - CORRECT ANSWERS Classification of
cardiovascular disability based on physical activity limitations.
Grade A - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient at high risk for developing heart failure.
, Class 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with heart disease but without resulting limitations of
physical activity.
Grade B - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling
who have not developed symptoms.
Grade C - CORRECT ANSWERS Patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure.
Class 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac disease resulting in slight limitations of
physical activity; comfortable at rest; ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea,
or anginal pain.
Class 3 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac disease resulting in marked limitation of
physical activity; comfortable at rest; less than ordinary physical activity causes fatigue, palpitations,
dyspnea, or anginal pain.
Grade D - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with refractory end-stage heart failure.
Class 4 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac disease resulting in inability to carry out any
physical activity without discomfort; symptoms of cardiac insufficiency or anginal syndrome may be
present, even at rest; if any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort is increased.
Fluid accumulation treatment - CORRECT ANSWERS Fluid restrictions divided over 3 8-hour
shifts: Example: 1800 ml/day; 0700-1500: 900 mls, 1500-2300: 500 mls, 2300-0700: 400 mls.
Non-Drug interventions - CORRECT ANSWERS Heart Transplant, Ventricular Assistive device,
CPAP, Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), Cardio MEMS implantable monitoring system,
Investigative gene therapy, Surgery to deal with remodeling of heart.
