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Linear Algebra I Complete Course Lecture Notes Covering Core Linear Algebra Concepts

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These lecture notes – Linear Algebra I provide a comprehensive overview of core linear algebra topics, including systems of linear equations, matrices, vector spaces, linear transformations, determinants, eigenvalues, and diagonalization. The document follows the full course structure used at SUNY Geneseo and is suitable as a complete set of lecture notes for exam preparation and concept revision.

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MATH 233 - Linear Algebra I
Lecture Notes
Cesar O. Aguilar


Department of Mathematics
SUNY Geneseo

,
, Lecture 0




Contents

1 Systems of Linear Equations 1
1.1 What is a system of linear equations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Solving linear systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Geometric interpretation of the solution set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 Row Reduction and Echelon Forms 11
2.1 Row echelon form (REF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Reduced row echelon form (RREF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Existence and uniqueness of solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3 Vector Equations 19
3.1 Vectors in Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 The linear combination problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 The span of a set of vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4 The Matrix Equation Ax = b 31
4.1 Matrix-vector multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2 Matrix-vector multiplication and linear combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3 The matrix equation problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

5 Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous Systems 41
5.1 Homogeneous linear systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.2 Nonhomogeneous systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

6 Linear Independence 49
6.1 Linear independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.2 The maximum size of a linearly independent set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

7 Introduction to Linear Mappings 57
7.1 Vector mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.2 Linear mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7.3 Matrix mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3

, CONTENTS


8 Onto, One-to-One, and Standard Matrix 67
8.1 Onto Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.2 One-to-One Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.3 Standard Matrix of a Linear Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

9 Matrix Algebra 75
9.1 Sums of Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
9.2 Matrix Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9.3 Matrix Transpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

10 Invertible Matrices 83
10.1 Inverse of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
10.2 Computing the Inverse of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
10.3 Invertible Linear Mappings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

11 Determinants 89
11.1 Determinants of 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
11.2 Determinants of n × n Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
11.3 Triangular Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

12 Properties of the Determinant 97
12.1 ERO and Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
12.2 Determinants and Invertibility of Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
12.3 Properties of the Determinant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

13 Applications of the Determinant 103
13.1 The Cofactor Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
13.2 Cramer’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
13.3 Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

14 Vector Spaces 109
14.1 Vector Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
14.2 Subspaces of Vector Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

15 Linear Maps 117
15.1 Linear Maps on Vector Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
15.2 Null space and Column space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

16 Linear Independence, Bases, and Dimension 125
16.1 Linear Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
16.2 Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
16.3 Dimension of a Vector Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

17 The Rank Theorem 133
17.1 The Rank of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

4

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Number of pages
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