Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell f. DEFINITION LIST :
microscopy 6.1
•
archaea domain of unicellular organisms
:
Celli simplest collection ofmatterthatcanbe consider hydrophilic tending torepelorbeimmlsclble
• •
.
:
edallungentlty w/ water
multicellular having bodies that are associations of •
hydrophilic having a tomlxldlssolve
tendency
• :
:
with water + attracted to water
many kinds of specialised cells that couldn't survive
for long on their own .
•
phospholipid ahpld containing a phosphate:
microscopy useofa microscope group MHS molecule
• :
.
•
lghtmkroscope.CM/opHcallnstrumentWlth1enses
•
thatrefracthghttomagnifyimagesof specimens
magnification ratio of an object 's image size to its genetic information 6.3
real size • nucleus houses mostofthecell's DNA
:
•
resolution ribosomes use the information from DNA to
ofdarityofanlmage
•
:
measure :
↳
minimum distance two points can be separated Abe make proteins
distinguished separate points •
nuclear envelope the double membrane that :
contrast difference in brightness between the light surrounds the nucleus
wlporeswhkhregoldarkareasofanimage
• :
traffic w/ cytoplasm .
alate .
•
logarithm chromatin to -2M , 103mi 10
-
um etc • :
substance within a chromosome
conslStIngofDNAdprotein@confocali_havlng.a
micrograph a photo taken by a microscope
•
spherical structure
common focus •
nucleolus distinct :
present
↳
microscope whose imaging systems only collects in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
↳
mostly assembles ribosomes alter tRNAs
light from asmallspotonspecimenctresolution) ,
sensing cellular stress
•
cytology studyofcell structure .
•
cetacean technique for studying cell structure
:
•
nuclear lamina dense fibrillate network :
olfunctiou Inside nucleus-
↳
provides mechanical support , regulates DNA
↳
takescellsapartd separates major organelles Rother sub -
cellular structures from eachother repdcell division .
homogenetic make similar , blended ,
lMofOMtMffAWC
•
:
merged 6.4
centrifuge device that separates components
ofahq
•
: .
endomembrane
system collection of
Uld .
• :
supernatant liquid lying above a solid residue membranes inside tlsurrouhdluga
• :
eukaryotic cell
thvudlrectcoutautovvesklepqofgagyoticdeukagyofvcG.li
transfer
↳ related
•
prokaryotic single celled organism Wlodlstiuct • Vesicle : membranous sawn cytoplasm
nucleuslnucleav membrane or other specialized Ofa eukaryotic cell
organelles
•
endoplasmic reticulum extensive : network
•
eukaryote cellswlthanuckuseudosedlha of membranes in eukaryotic cells .
nuclear membrane ↳ continuous w/ outer membrane
plasmamemrbraheimembranefoundinallcells ofrougholsmooth regions
• ↳ consists
that separates cell interior from outside enviro .
• tubules : minute tube ( anatomical structure
•
cytosol semi fluid portion of cytoplasm
: - - •
cisternae flattened membrane disc of ER
:
chromosome thread-like structure of nucleic Rgolgl
• -
Acldstprotein carrying genetic information in •
glycoproteins : a protein with It
covalently
the form of attached carbohydrates
genes
•
ribosome cell component consisting of rRNA •
golgi apparatus eukaryotic organelle :
organelle containing genetic info made up of stacks of flat membranous sac
•
nucleus :
•
nucieodinou membraneenclosed region Ina
-
↳
Which modify , stored route ER products
prokaryotic cell where its chromosomes are Resynthesis some products .
located
,Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell f. DEFINITION LIST :
lMofOMfmffAWC 6.4 •
associates
myosin :a motor protein type which for into
lysosome aohllnbraneenclosedsacofhy filaments
which interact w/ actin cell contracts
• : -
found in
dvolytlc enzymes cytoplasm pseudopodia cellular extension of amoeboid cells
• :
•
hydrolytic enzyme use : to digest (hydrolyse) for
feeding
dmovlhg
macromolecules intermediate filaments :
cytoskeleton component
•
macrophages type of WBC that defends body w/ medium sized filaments
• : .
by engulfing Invaders extracellular components 6.7
autophagy lysosomes recycle intracellular
•
:
materials cell wall protective
:
layer external to membrane in
•
Vacuoles membrane-bound vesicle Wla
:
plant cells
specialised function indifferent cells micro fibrilsvery thin fibre like strand of cellulose
• : -
MtTO&chfOf0 6.5 tlgly proteins
primary cell wall think flexible layer surrounding
• :
•
mitochondria : site of cellular respiration plasma membrane of young plant cells
•
chloroplast sites of photosynthesis:
•
middle lamella thin adhesive extracellular material
:
peroxisome : oxidative organelle # hat removes H layer made up
mostly ofpectinsllsln between
•
from molecules forming Itza primary walls of adjacent young plant cells
endosymbiont cell living within another cell secondary cell wall strong , durable matrix between
• : • :
dprlmarywallindchlorop.tl
plastid family of closely related organelles plasma membrane
• : a
photosynthetic extracellular ( found Malls of
) meshwork surrounding •
matrix ECM :
eukaryotes animal cells made up of
glycoproteins, polysaccharides
glyoxysomes specialised peroxisomes etc
• :
proteoglycans largemokculemaaeupofsmall protein
•
:
cytoskeleton 6.6 core w/ multiple attached found in ECM
carb chains
cytoskeleton network of microtubules micro fibronectin glycoprotein secreted by animal cells
• •
: - :
,
filaments intermediate filaments that extend to assist attachment to ECM
throughout cytoplasm uecytosol .
•
integrins transmembrane receptor
:
protein which
proteins protein that interacts wlcyto interconnects ecma
cytoskeleton
•
motor : -
skeletal elements Rother components resulting plasmodesmata :
cell wall open channel connecting
Mcellmovementorpartsofcells cytoplasm of adjacent cells so some molecules can
•
Alicrotubulesihollowvoamadeupoftubuhn pass thru ( Hao , solutes etc )
proteins •
tight junction type of intercellular junction
- :
centrosome : structure mammal cell cytoplasm between animal cells to prevent
leakage thru space
•
of materials
& functions
Organising centre for micro
-
tubules Involved in cell division
.
•
dlsmosomes Intercellular junction which functions
:
•
flagellum long cellular appendage for
: loco -
asarwetd fastens cells together
motion
gap junctions intercellular junction of
consisting
④
:
•
Cilla short
:
appendage containing microtubules proteins surrounding a pore for material passage
between cells
basal
body eukaryotic cell structure wlato
•
:
microtubule triplet arrangement
dynein large motor protein between adjacent
:
microtubule doublets Mahad flagella
•
microfilaments cable composed of actin proteins :
in
eukaryote's cytoplasm
actin
globular protein which links into chains
• :
to form microfilaments
outer
cortex eukaryotic cell 's cytoplasm's
•
region
:
gust under plasma membrane)
consistency is
affected by presence of multiple microfilaments
, Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell 46 .tk/C0NCEPFbiologistsusemkroscopesAbiochemistrytostudy cells .
Types of LM
'
microscopy
#
Unstained stained
when cells are arranged into higher levels of
-
•
organisation ( tissues, organs ) celllsstillthebasicnnitof
Structured function .
organisms are made of cells
↳ all
little contrast specimen 's stained
•
cells can differ from others but share common features
light passes directly wldyesto enhance
•
cells have been modified by evolution thru specimen
cmoohstfraeqstuvres preserved
cells
Killing them
i.
6.1 .
Phase contrast nomarskl
microscopes were first invented in 1590
-
•
•
most common light microscopes digital
interference
:
↳
Vlslbkllghtispassed through the specimens then through contrast
glagslehseswhichrefractthlkghtsothatthl Specimen -
variations
optical modification
in
images magnified a projected onto the eye
-
density used to
are
exaggerate
.
•
PARAMETERS :
amplified (contrast) density differences
Munstalhld
magnification , resolution a contrast Images almost took
- -
useful for
living &
-
3D
•
1-Mcanmagnlfyt-0=11000 times the specimen's actual size unpigmentedcells
.
,
↳ further magnification reduces clarity confocal fluorescence
•
LM can't resolve detail finer than 0.2µm (200hm)
my
" "" "
laser used
-
for Witton
touxcoutrast optical
staining or labelling cell components to
•
soeuftfofnfoncdus
ghtfromanua.vn/ateua
, fluorescence
Standout usually is used
-
.
" .
thick sample
is removed to -
labelling specific
CELL SIZE pianeoffiuorresatef.ae?ngem0lecuuswldYes
be
3D reconstruction can
mostcellslzerangesfroml 1001am in diameter
-
• -
created .
↳
components of cell are even smaller -
deconvolution Super resolution
fluorescence
-
processed w/ -
equipment
dlcouv soft-
used to
ware
light up
/
digitally re individual
- -
reconstructed from
many→ Moves out of confocal fluorescent
blurry images @ diff focus "Ohta
Imogen:e*
molecules @
planes reassigns Ato its source record
po
-
much sharper 3D Sitton
-
rm.asq.cat
.
-
Sharp dots
:m:&:c:*:*:O:
.
types of microscopy EM ( electron
microscopy)
/ .EE?owa3pimage-I.EtooMf#*:oieEsritohmmssnesct./
scanning EM 's Transmission EM
Of the surface Ofa
a .
""
.
.is#euEIEE*:*:*:*:*
(
#
NO
EM focuses beam of electrons through specimen
-
yogarn.name
scale
↳
Oroutocts surface
electron beams have much smaller wavelength to resolve resolution
ISSULWILM
microscopy 6.1
•
archaea domain of unicellular organisms
:
Celli simplest collection ofmatterthatcanbe consider hydrophilic tending torepelorbeimmlsclble
• •
.
:
edallungentlty w/ water
multicellular having bodies that are associations of •
hydrophilic having a tomlxldlssolve
tendency
• :
:
with water + attracted to water
many kinds of specialised cells that couldn't survive
for long on their own .
•
phospholipid ahpld containing a phosphate:
microscopy useofa microscope group MHS molecule
• :
.
•
lghtmkroscope.CM/opHcallnstrumentWlth1enses
•
thatrefracthghttomagnifyimagesof specimens
magnification ratio of an object 's image size to its genetic information 6.3
real size • nucleus houses mostofthecell's DNA
:
•
resolution ribosomes use the information from DNA to
ofdarityofanlmage
•
:
measure :
↳
minimum distance two points can be separated Abe make proteins
distinguished separate points •
nuclear envelope the double membrane that :
contrast difference in brightness between the light surrounds the nucleus
wlporeswhkhregoldarkareasofanimage
• :
traffic w/ cytoplasm .
alate .
•
logarithm chromatin to -2M , 103mi 10
-
um etc • :
substance within a chromosome
conslStIngofDNAdprotein@confocali_havlng.a
micrograph a photo taken by a microscope
•
spherical structure
common focus •
nucleolus distinct :
present
↳
microscope whose imaging systems only collects in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
↳
mostly assembles ribosomes alter tRNAs
light from asmallspotonspecimenctresolution) ,
sensing cellular stress
•
cytology studyofcell structure .
•
cetacean technique for studying cell structure
:
•
nuclear lamina dense fibrillate network :
olfunctiou Inside nucleus-
↳
provides mechanical support , regulates DNA
↳
takescellsapartd separates major organelles Rother sub -
cellular structures from eachother repdcell division .
homogenetic make similar , blended ,
lMofOMtMffAWC
•
:
merged 6.4
centrifuge device that separates components
ofahq
•
: .
endomembrane
system collection of
Uld .
• :
supernatant liquid lying above a solid residue membranes inside tlsurrouhdluga
• :
eukaryotic cell
thvudlrectcoutautovvesklepqofgagyoticdeukagyofvcG.li
transfer
↳ related
•
prokaryotic single celled organism Wlodlstiuct • Vesicle : membranous sawn cytoplasm
nucleuslnucleav membrane or other specialized Ofa eukaryotic cell
organelles
•
endoplasmic reticulum extensive : network
•
eukaryote cellswlthanuckuseudosedlha of membranes in eukaryotic cells .
nuclear membrane ↳ continuous w/ outer membrane
plasmamemrbraheimembranefoundinallcells ofrougholsmooth regions
• ↳ consists
that separates cell interior from outside enviro .
• tubules : minute tube ( anatomical structure
•
cytosol semi fluid portion of cytoplasm
: - - •
cisternae flattened membrane disc of ER
:
chromosome thread-like structure of nucleic Rgolgl
• -
Acldstprotein carrying genetic information in •
glycoproteins : a protein with It
covalently
the form of attached carbohydrates
genes
•
ribosome cell component consisting of rRNA •
golgi apparatus eukaryotic organelle :
organelle containing genetic info made up of stacks of flat membranous sac
•
nucleus :
•
nucieodinou membraneenclosed region Ina
-
↳
Which modify , stored route ER products
prokaryotic cell where its chromosomes are Resynthesis some products .
located
,Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell f. DEFINITION LIST :
lMofOMfmffAWC 6.4 •
associates
myosin :a motor protein type which for into
lysosome aohllnbraneenclosedsacofhy filaments
which interact w/ actin cell contracts
• : -
found in
dvolytlc enzymes cytoplasm pseudopodia cellular extension of amoeboid cells
• :
•
hydrolytic enzyme use : to digest (hydrolyse) for
feeding
dmovlhg
macromolecules intermediate filaments :
cytoskeleton component
•
macrophages type of WBC that defends body w/ medium sized filaments
• : .
by engulfing Invaders extracellular components 6.7
autophagy lysosomes recycle intracellular
•
:
materials cell wall protective
:
layer external to membrane in
•
Vacuoles membrane-bound vesicle Wla
:
plant cells
specialised function indifferent cells micro fibrilsvery thin fibre like strand of cellulose
• : -
MtTO&chfOf0 6.5 tlgly proteins
primary cell wall think flexible layer surrounding
• :
•
mitochondria : site of cellular respiration plasma membrane of young plant cells
•
chloroplast sites of photosynthesis:
•
middle lamella thin adhesive extracellular material
:
peroxisome : oxidative organelle # hat removes H layer made up
mostly ofpectinsllsln between
•
from molecules forming Itza primary walls of adjacent young plant cells
endosymbiont cell living within another cell secondary cell wall strong , durable matrix between
• : • :
dprlmarywallindchlorop.tl
plastid family of closely related organelles plasma membrane
• : a
photosynthetic extracellular ( found Malls of
) meshwork surrounding •
matrix ECM :
eukaryotes animal cells made up of
glycoproteins, polysaccharides
glyoxysomes specialised peroxisomes etc
• :
proteoglycans largemokculemaaeupofsmall protein
•
:
cytoskeleton 6.6 core w/ multiple attached found in ECM
carb chains
cytoskeleton network of microtubules micro fibronectin glycoprotein secreted by animal cells
• •
: - :
,
filaments intermediate filaments that extend to assist attachment to ECM
throughout cytoplasm uecytosol .
•
integrins transmembrane receptor
:
protein which
proteins protein that interacts wlcyto interconnects ecma
cytoskeleton
•
motor : -
skeletal elements Rother components resulting plasmodesmata :
cell wall open channel connecting
Mcellmovementorpartsofcells cytoplasm of adjacent cells so some molecules can
•
Alicrotubulesihollowvoamadeupoftubuhn pass thru ( Hao , solutes etc )
proteins •
tight junction type of intercellular junction
- :
centrosome : structure mammal cell cytoplasm between animal cells to prevent
leakage thru space
•
of materials
& functions
Organising centre for micro
-
tubules Involved in cell division
.
•
dlsmosomes Intercellular junction which functions
:
•
flagellum long cellular appendage for
: loco -
asarwetd fastens cells together
motion
gap junctions intercellular junction of
consisting
④
:
•
Cilla short
:
appendage containing microtubules proteins surrounding a pore for material passage
between cells
basal
body eukaryotic cell structure wlato
•
:
microtubule triplet arrangement
dynein large motor protein between adjacent
:
microtubule doublets Mahad flagella
•
microfilaments cable composed of actin proteins :
in
eukaryote's cytoplasm
actin
globular protein which links into chains
• :
to form microfilaments
outer
cortex eukaryotic cell 's cytoplasm's
•
region
:
gust under plasma membrane)
consistency is
affected by presence of multiple microfilaments
, Chapter 6: Tour of the Cell 46 .tk/C0NCEPFbiologistsusemkroscopesAbiochemistrytostudy cells .
Types of LM
'
microscopy
#
Unstained stained
when cells are arranged into higher levels of
-
•
organisation ( tissues, organs ) celllsstillthebasicnnitof
Structured function .
organisms are made of cells
↳ all
little contrast specimen 's stained
•
cells can differ from others but share common features
light passes directly wldyesto enhance
•
cells have been modified by evolution thru specimen
cmoohstfraeqstuvres preserved
cells
Killing them
i.
6.1 .
Phase contrast nomarskl
microscopes were first invented in 1590
-
•
•
most common light microscopes digital
interference
:
↳
Vlslbkllghtispassed through the specimens then through contrast
glagslehseswhichrefractthlkghtsothatthl Specimen -
variations
optical modification
in
images magnified a projected onto the eye
-
density used to
are
exaggerate
.
•
PARAMETERS :
amplified (contrast) density differences
Munstalhld
magnification , resolution a contrast Images almost took
- -
useful for
living &
-
3D
•
1-Mcanmagnlfyt-0=11000 times the specimen's actual size unpigmentedcells
.
,
↳ further magnification reduces clarity confocal fluorescence
•
LM can't resolve detail finer than 0.2µm (200hm)
my
" "" "
laser used
-
for Witton
touxcoutrast optical
staining or labelling cell components to
•
soeuftfofnfoncdus
ghtfromanua.vn/ateua
, fluorescence
Standout usually is used
-
.
" .
thick sample
is removed to -
labelling specific
CELL SIZE pianeoffiuorresatef.ae?ngem0lecuuswldYes
be
3D reconstruction can
mostcellslzerangesfroml 1001am in diameter
-
• -
created .
↳
components of cell are even smaller -
deconvolution Super resolution
fluorescence
-
processed w/ -
equipment
dlcouv soft-
used to
ware
light up
/
digitally re individual
- -
reconstructed from
many→ Moves out of confocal fluorescent
blurry images @ diff focus "Ohta
Imogen:e*
molecules @
planes reassigns Ato its source record
po
-
much sharper 3D Sitton
-
rm.asq.cat
.
-
Sharp dots
:m:&:c:*:*:O:
.
types of microscopy EM ( electron
microscopy)
/ .EE?owa3pimage-I.EtooMf#*:oieEsritohmmssnesct./
scanning EM 's Transmission EM
Of the surface Ofa
a .
""
.
.is#euEIEE*:*:*:*:*
(
#
NO
EM focuses beam of electrons through specimen
-
yogarn.name
scale
↳
Oroutocts surface
electron beams have much smaller wavelength to resolve resolution
ISSULWILM
