Comprehensive Cardiovascular System: Heart Failure,
Valvular Disease, and Cardiomyopathies Exam LATEST
Test and Exam question and answers latest update 2026
RATED A+
Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS General term for the inability of the heart to work effectively as a pump.
Left sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS A type of heart failure characterized by fluid accumulation.
Right sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS A type of heart failure that often results from left ventricular heart failure.
High Output failure - CORRECT ANSWERS A type of heart failure where the heart pumps an abnormally high volume of blood.
Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS Percentage of blood ejected out of the left or right ventricle.
Normal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS 50-70%.
Mildly Abnormal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS 40-50%.
Moderately Abnormal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS 30-40%.
Severely Abnormal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS Below 30%.
Systolic Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
Diastolic Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
Signs/Symptoms of Left Side Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Look where the blood is going or not going.
Signs/Symptoms of Right Side Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Systemic congestion, jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly,
splenomegaly, anorexia, nausea, edema, polyuria at night, weight gain.
, Laboratory and Radiology Assessments - CORRECT ANSWERS ECG, Chest X-rays (CXR), Echocardiography, Radionucleotide scans,
Multigated acquisition scan (MUGA), Thallium scans, Invasive monitoring.
ACC/AHA HF Guidelines - CORRECT ANSWERS Guidelines for heart failure management by the American College of Cardiology and
American Heart Association.
New York Heart Association Functional Classification - CORRECT ANSWERS A classification system for cardiovascular disability.
Grade A - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient at high risk for developing heart failure.
Class 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with heart disease, but no resulting limitations of physical activity.
Grade B - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling who have not developed symptoms.
Grade C - CORRECT ANSWERS Patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure.
Class 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac disease resulting in slight limitations of physical activity; comfortable at rest;
ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, or anginal pain.
Class 3 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac disease resulting in marked limitation of physical activity; comfortable at rest; less
than ordinary physical activity causes fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, or anginal pain.
Grade D - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with refractory end-stage heart failure.
Class 4 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac disease resulting in inability to carry out any physical activity without discomfort;
symptoms of cardiac insufficiency or of the anginal syndrome may be present, even at rest; if any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort is
increased.
Fluid accumulation - CORRECT ANSWERS Fluid restrictions divided over 3 8-hour shifts: Example: 1800 ml/day; 0700-1500: 900 mls;
1500-2300: 500 mls; 2300-0700: 400 mls.
Daily weight - CORRECT ANSWERS Monitoring weight daily at the same time in the same clothes.
Valvular Disease, and Cardiomyopathies Exam LATEST
Test and Exam question and answers latest update 2026
RATED A+
Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS General term for the inability of the heart to work effectively as a pump.
Left sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS A type of heart failure characterized by fluid accumulation.
Right sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS A type of heart failure that often results from left ventricular heart failure.
High Output failure - CORRECT ANSWERS A type of heart failure where the heart pumps an abnormally high volume of blood.
Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS Percentage of blood ejected out of the left or right ventricle.
Normal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS 50-70%.
Mildly Abnormal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS 40-50%.
Moderately Abnormal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS 30-40%.
Severely Abnormal Ejection Fraction - CORRECT ANSWERS Below 30%.
Systolic Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
Diastolic Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
Signs/Symptoms of Left Side Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Look where the blood is going or not going.
Signs/Symptoms of Right Side Heart Failure - CORRECT ANSWERS Systemic congestion, jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly,
splenomegaly, anorexia, nausea, edema, polyuria at night, weight gain.
, Laboratory and Radiology Assessments - CORRECT ANSWERS ECG, Chest X-rays (CXR), Echocardiography, Radionucleotide scans,
Multigated acquisition scan (MUGA), Thallium scans, Invasive monitoring.
ACC/AHA HF Guidelines - CORRECT ANSWERS Guidelines for heart failure management by the American College of Cardiology and
American Heart Association.
New York Heart Association Functional Classification - CORRECT ANSWERS A classification system for cardiovascular disability.
Grade A - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient at high risk for developing heart failure.
Class 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with heart disease, but no resulting limitations of physical activity.
Grade B - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling who have not developed symptoms.
Grade C - CORRECT ANSWERS Patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure.
Class 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac disease resulting in slight limitations of physical activity; comfortable at rest;
ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, or anginal pain.
Class 3 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac disease resulting in marked limitation of physical activity; comfortable at rest; less
than ordinary physical activity causes fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, or anginal pain.
Grade D - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with refractory end-stage heart failure.
Class 4 - CORRECT ANSWERS Patient with cardiac disease resulting in inability to carry out any physical activity without discomfort;
symptoms of cardiac insufficiency or of the anginal syndrome may be present, even at rest; if any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort is
increased.
Fluid accumulation - CORRECT ANSWERS Fluid restrictions divided over 3 8-hour shifts: Example: 1800 ml/day; 0700-1500: 900 mls;
1500-2300: 500 mls; 2300-0700: 400 mls.
Daily weight - CORRECT ANSWERS Monitoring weight daily at the same time in the same clothes.
