BCH210 LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Lactase - ✔✔cleaves the b-1,4 bond of lactose to form glucose and galactose
✔✔Glycan - ✔✔polysaccharide
✔✔Hexokinase Inhibition - ✔✔glucose 6-phosphate buildup
✔✔Phosphofructokinase 1 Inhibition - ✔✔ATP (allosteric) or citrate
✔✔Phosphofructokinase 1 Activated - ✔✔AMP, ADP or Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
✔✔Pyruvate Kinase Inhibition - ✔✔phosphorylation and other allosteric regulators (ATP,
alanine, AcetylCoA)
- pyruvate build up
✔✔Pyruvate Kinase Stimulator - ✔✔fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, AMP
✔✔Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibition - ✔✔allosterically by ATP and glucose 6-
phosphate
✔✔Glycogen Phosphorylase Activation - ✔✔AMP
✔✔Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex - ✔✔links the production of pyruvate in the
cytoplasm with the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix
✔✔Cofactors needed for PDC catalysis - ✔✔prosthetic groups: thiamine pyrophosphate
(TPP), lipoamide, FAD
co-substrates: coenzyme A, NAD+
✔✔PDC reaction standard free energy change - ✔✔-33 kJ/mol
- release of CO2 increases entropy as gas released
- favourable as written and essentially irriversible
✔✔PDC E2 inhibitor - ✔✔acetyl CoA buildup
✔✔PDC E3 inhibitor - ✔✔NADH buildup
✔✔PDC Covalent Inactivation - ✔✔phosphorylation of E1 by PD kinase
✔✔PDC Covalent Activation - ✔✔dephosphorylation by PD phosphatase
✔✔PDC Allosteric Inhibition - ✔✔acetyl CoA and NADH on E2 and E3
, ✔✔PD Kinase Inhibition - ✔✔allosteric inhibition by pyruvate and ADP
✔✔PD Kinase Activation - ✔✔allosteric activation by acetyl CoA and NADH
✔✔PD Phosphatase Regulation - ✔✔stimulated by Ca2+
✔✔Citrate Synthase Reaction Standard Free Energy - ✔✔-31.4 kJ/mol
✔✔Succinate Dehydrogenase - ✔✔a membrane-bound protein linking the citric acid
cycle to oxidative phosphorylation
✔✔Citric Acid Cycle Stimulation - ✔✔low energy, calcium and substrates
✔✔Citric Acid Cycle Inhibition - ✔✔high energy, reduced coenzymes or products
✔✔Complex I - ✔✔NADH-Q oxidoreductase - pumps 4 protons
✔✔Complex II - ✔✔succinate-Q reductase
✔✔Complex III - ✔✔Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase - pumps 4 protons
✔✔Complex IV - ✔✔cytochrome c oxidase - pumps 2 protons
✔✔Complex I Inhibitor - ✔✔rotenone and amytal inhibit electron flow from complex I to
CoQ
✔✔Complex III Inhibitor - ✔✔antimycin A
✔✔Complex IV Inhibitor - ✔✔cyanide, azide and CO
✔✔ATP Synthase Inhibitor - ✔✔oligomycin + uncouplers
✔✔F1 (ATP Synthase) - ✔✔peripheral protein unit that carries out the catalytic
synthesis of ATP in the matrix
✔✔F0 (ATP Synthase) - ✔✔the integral membrane protein unit that anchors the
enzyme complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane
✔✔Boyer's Binding Change Mechanism - ✔✔each B subunit undergoes a
conformational change between 3 states
- Open or Empty/exit (ATP leaves)
- Loose with ADP and Pi bound
- Tight with ATP bound
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Lactase - ✔✔cleaves the b-1,4 bond of lactose to form glucose and galactose
✔✔Glycan - ✔✔polysaccharide
✔✔Hexokinase Inhibition - ✔✔glucose 6-phosphate buildup
✔✔Phosphofructokinase 1 Inhibition - ✔✔ATP (allosteric) or citrate
✔✔Phosphofructokinase 1 Activated - ✔✔AMP, ADP or Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
✔✔Pyruvate Kinase Inhibition - ✔✔phosphorylation and other allosteric regulators (ATP,
alanine, AcetylCoA)
- pyruvate build up
✔✔Pyruvate Kinase Stimulator - ✔✔fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, AMP
✔✔Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibition - ✔✔allosterically by ATP and glucose 6-
phosphate
✔✔Glycogen Phosphorylase Activation - ✔✔AMP
✔✔Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex - ✔✔links the production of pyruvate in the
cytoplasm with the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix
✔✔Cofactors needed for PDC catalysis - ✔✔prosthetic groups: thiamine pyrophosphate
(TPP), lipoamide, FAD
co-substrates: coenzyme A, NAD+
✔✔PDC reaction standard free energy change - ✔✔-33 kJ/mol
- release of CO2 increases entropy as gas released
- favourable as written and essentially irriversible
✔✔PDC E2 inhibitor - ✔✔acetyl CoA buildup
✔✔PDC E3 inhibitor - ✔✔NADH buildup
✔✔PDC Covalent Inactivation - ✔✔phosphorylation of E1 by PD kinase
✔✔PDC Covalent Activation - ✔✔dephosphorylation by PD phosphatase
✔✔PDC Allosteric Inhibition - ✔✔acetyl CoA and NADH on E2 and E3
, ✔✔PD Kinase Inhibition - ✔✔allosteric inhibition by pyruvate and ADP
✔✔PD Kinase Activation - ✔✔allosteric activation by acetyl CoA and NADH
✔✔PD Phosphatase Regulation - ✔✔stimulated by Ca2+
✔✔Citrate Synthase Reaction Standard Free Energy - ✔✔-31.4 kJ/mol
✔✔Succinate Dehydrogenase - ✔✔a membrane-bound protein linking the citric acid
cycle to oxidative phosphorylation
✔✔Citric Acid Cycle Stimulation - ✔✔low energy, calcium and substrates
✔✔Citric Acid Cycle Inhibition - ✔✔high energy, reduced coenzymes or products
✔✔Complex I - ✔✔NADH-Q oxidoreductase - pumps 4 protons
✔✔Complex II - ✔✔succinate-Q reductase
✔✔Complex III - ✔✔Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase - pumps 4 protons
✔✔Complex IV - ✔✔cytochrome c oxidase - pumps 2 protons
✔✔Complex I Inhibitor - ✔✔rotenone and amytal inhibit electron flow from complex I to
CoQ
✔✔Complex III Inhibitor - ✔✔antimycin A
✔✔Complex IV Inhibitor - ✔✔cyanide, azide and CO
✔✔ATP Synthase Inhibitor - ✔✔oligomycin + uncouplers
✔✔F1 (ATP Synthase) - ✔✔peripheral protein unit that carries out the catalytic
synthesis of ATP in the matrix
✔✔F0 (ATP Synthase) - ✔✔the integral membrane protein unit that anchors the
enzyme complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane
✔✔Boyer's Binding Change Mechanism - ✔✔each B subunit undergoes a
conformational change between 3 states
- Open or Empty/exit (ATP leaves)
- Loose with ADP and Pi bound
- Tight with ATP bound
