BCH210 EVALUATION EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Ketogenesis - ✔✔occurs when acetyl CoA levels rise so that ketone bodies can be
used as an alternate fuel source to glucose
✔✔Glucogenic Amino Acids - ✔✔amino acids that can be used to form glucose through
gluconeogenesis
✔✔Ketogenic Amino Acids - ✔✔used to make acetyl CoA -> ketone bodies
✔✔Glucogenic Amino Acid Names - ✔✔Ala, Arg, Asp, Glu
✔✔Ketogenic Amino Acid Names - ✔✔Ile, Leu, Thr, Trp
✔✔Acetone - ✔✔waste product, gives characteristic fruity breath symptom
✔✔Acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate - ✔✔can be used as fuel by the brain, heart,
muscle and kidney cells
✔✔Overproduction of Acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate - ✔✔contribute to drop in
blood pH and acidosis
✔✔Ketoacidosis - ✔✔can occur when bicarbonate is depleted and the blood pH drops
below 7.35
- too many H+ can distrupt protein structure and function (and other macromolecules)
✔✔Type I Diabetes - ✔✔arises due to autoimmune damage of B cells, preventing the
production of insulin
✔✔Marker for high blood glucose - ✔✔Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
- glucose can react with N-terminal Valine residues of the beta chains in hemoglobin
✔✔Insulin Injections - ✔✔increase glucose uptake and inhibit glucagon secretion
✔✔Rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔skeletal muscle damage releases intracellular molecules into
blood or urine
✔✔Marker for Rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔creatine kinase in the blood
✔✔McArdle Disease - ✔✔glycogen storage disease, type V
- autosomal recessive mutations in the PYGM gene encoding for glycogen
phosphorylase prevents glycogen breakdown in muscle cells
, ✔✔Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency - ✔✔causes rhabdomyolysis
✔✔Lactic Acidosis - ✔✔lactate production in the absence of O2 or blocking of
regulatory enzymes in ATP production pathway
- proton from ATP hydrolysis exported out of cell with lactate
✔✔Glycogen - ✔✔a storage form of long, branched chains of glucose
- contains branch points every 8-12 glucose units
- contains a dimer of glycogenin at the centre a(1->6)
✔✔Cellulosee - ✔✔unbranched chains of glucose units joined by B(1->4) linkages with
many hydrogen bonds
✔✔Cellobiose - ✔✔a disaccharide of glucose linked by B(1->4)
✔✔ Lectins - ✔✔proteins that are able to bind to sugars
✔✔Monosaccharide Formula - ✔✔(CH2O)n
✔✔Possible # of Linear Stereoisomers - ✔✔2^x (x = # of chiral carbons)
✔✔Nucleophilic Attack - ✔✔electron rich species (nucleophile) attacks electron-deficient
species (electrophile)
✔✔Furan - ✔✔5 membered ring
✔✔Pyran - ✔✔6 membered ring
✔✔Hemiacetal - ✔✔aldehyde + alcohol (aldehyde derivative)
✔✔Hemiketal - ✔✔ketone + alcohol (ketone derivative)
✔✔Anomeric Carbons - ✔✔a carbon in a sugar that is an aldehyde or ketone in the
open-chain form and becomes a stereocenter in the cyclic form
✔✔Mutarotation - ✔✔the optical rotation of light resulting from a change at the anomeric
carbon
✔✔Isomer - ✔✔same molecular formula, different structure
✔✔Constitutional Isomer - ✔✔different order of functional group bonding
✔✔Stereoisomer - ✔✔same structural formula, atoms arranged differently in space
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Ketogenesis - ✔✔occurs when acetyl CoA levels rise so that ketone bodies can be
used as an alternate fuel source to glucose
✔✔Glucogenic Amino Acids - ✔✔amino acids that can be used to form glucose through
gluconeogenesis
✔✔Ketogenic Amino Acids - ✔✔used to make acetyl CoA -> ketone bodies
✔✔Glucogenic Amino Acid Names - ✔✔Ala, Arg, Asp, Glu
✔✔Ketogenic Amino Acid Names - ✔✔Ile, Leu, Thr, Trp
✔✔Acetone - ✔✔waste product, gives characteristic fruity breath symptom
✔✔Acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate - ✔✔can be used as fuel by the brain, heart,
muscle and kidney cells
✔✔Overproduction of Acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate - ✔✔contribute to drop in
blood pH and acidosis
✔✔Ketoacidosis - ✔✔can occur when bicarbonate is depleted and the blood pH drops
below 7.35
- too many H+ can distrupt protein structure and function (and other macromolecules)
✔✔Type I Diabetes - ✔✔arises due to autoimmune damage of B cells, preventing the
production of insulin
✔✔Marker for high blood glucose - ✔✔Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
- glucose can react with N-terminal Valine residues of the beta chains in hemoglobin
✔✔Insulin Injections - ✔✔increase glucose uptake and inhibit glucagon secretion
✔✔Rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔skeletal muscle damage releases intracellular molecules into
blood or urine
✔✔Marker for Rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔creatine kinase in the blood
✔✔McArdle Disease - ✔✔glycogen storage disease, type V
- autosomal recessive mutations in the PYGM gene encoding for glycogen
phosphorylase prevents glycogen breakdown in muscle cells
, ✔✔Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency - ✔✔causes rhabdomyolysis
✔✔Lactic Acidosis - ✔✔lactate production in the absence of O2 or blocking of
regulatory enzymes in ATP production pathway
- proton from ATP hydrolysis exported out of cell with lactate
✔✔Glycogen - ✔✔a storage form of long, branched chains of glucose
- contains branch points every 8-12 glucose units
- contains a dimer of glycogenin at the centre a(1->6)
✔✔Cellulosee - ✔✔unbranched chains of glucose units joined by B(1->4) linkages with
many hydrogen bonds
✔✔Cellobiose - ✔✔a disaccharide of glucose linked by B(1->4)
✔✔ Lectins - ✔✔proteins that are able to bind to sugars
✔✔Monosaccharide Formula - ✔✔(CH2O)n
✔✔Possible # of Linear Stereoisomers - ✔✔2^x (x = # of chiral carbons)
✔✔Nucleophilic Attack - ✔✔electron rich species (nucleophile) attacks electron-deficient
species (electrophile)
✔✔Furan - ✔✔5 membered ring
✔✔Pyran - ✔✔6 membered ring
✔✔Hemiacetal - ✔✔aldehyde + alcohol (aldehyde derivative)
✔✔Hemiketal - ✔✔ketone + alcohol (ketone derivative)
✔✔Anomeric Carbons - ✔✔a carbon in a sugar that is an aldehyde or ketone in the
open-chain form and becomes a stereocenter in the cyclic form
✔✔Mutarotation - ✔✔the optical rotation of light resulting from a change at the anomeric
carbon
✔✔Isomer - ✔✔same molecular formula, different structure
✔✔Constitutional Isomer - ✔✔different order of functional group bonding
✔✔Stereoisomer - ✔✔same structural formula, atoms arranged differently in space
