BCH210 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔What's the point of making fatty acyl CoA outside the matrix if it is only used in the
matrix? - ✔✔regulation - import is regulated to ensure they are only broken down when
energy is needed
✔✔Carnitine Acyltransferase I - ✔✔creates acyl carnitine from acyl CoA in the
cytoplasm
✔✔Carnitine Acyltransferase II - ✔✔regenerates the fatty acyl CoA in the matrix
✔✔Translocase - ✔✔transports acyl carnitine across the inner membrane in exchange
for free carnitine
✔✔Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase (B-Oxidation) - ✔✔produces FADH2 and creates a double
bond in the fatty acid chain
✔✔Hydratase - ✔✔adds water across the double bond
✔✔Dehydrogenase - ✔✔produces NADH and creates a keto group on the B carbon in
the chain
✔✔Thiolase - ✔✔uses CoA to release acetyl CoA from beta keto acid; producing a fatty
acyl CoA chain with 2 fewer carbons
✔✔Carnitine Shuttle Inhibition - ✔✔production of malonyl CoA (present in fatty acid
synthesis)
✔✔Rising Glucose Levels - ✔✔insulin signals for glucose uptake and catabolism in
glycolysis
- fats and amino acids will also be imported for use in the cell
✔✔Rising ATP Levels - ✔✔glycolysis slows down and excess glucose is stored as
glycogen in muscle and liver cells
✔✔Rising ATP and NADH Levels in Mitochondria - ✔✔the citric acid cycle slows down,
allowing for the synthesis of fatty acid chains, triacylglycerol molecules and cholesterol
from Acetyl CoA
✔✔What Macromolecules Can Acetyl CoA be Made From? - ✔✔carbohydrates, fats
and amino acids
, ✔✔Fatty Acid Processing Stages - ✔✔1. Export of mitochondrial Acetyl CoA to the
cytoplasm for fat synthesis
2. Carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA by Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC)
3. Use of malonyl CoA to form 16:0 fatty acid chains by Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS)
✔✔Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) - ✔✔converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA using ATP
✔✔Malonyl CoA - ✔✔an activated 2-carbon carrying precursor for fatty acid synthesis
✔✔ACC Inhibition - ✔✔phosphorylation with rising glucagon/epinephrine and AMP
✔✔ACC Activation - ✔✔insulin and protein phosphatase
✔✔ACC Allosteric Inhibition - ✔✔palmitoyl CoA (16:0 CoA)
✔✔ACC Allosteric Stimulation - ✔✔citrate
✔✔Lipoproteins - ✔✔transport molecules for hydrophobic lipids throughout the body
✔✔HMG-CoA Reductase - ✔✔uses NADPH to form mevalonate in the cytoplasm
✔✔Inhibition of Cholesterol Synthesis - ✔✔competitive inhibitors - statins
✔✔Lipoproteins made in the intestine - ✔✔chylomicrons
✔✔Lipoproteins made in the liver - ✔✔VLDL and HDL
✔✔Apoproteins - ✔✔on the surface of lipoproteins
- help with targeting and binding to cells and other proteins via non-covalent interactions
✔✔Cholymicrons - ✔✔made in small intestine from the diet
- largest
- contain apoprotein 48
✔✔Very Low Density Lipoprotein - ✔✔made by the liver
- contains ApoB100 protein
✔✔Lipoprotein Lipase - ✔✔attacks VLDL, hydrolyzing TAGs to produce IDL and then
LDL
✔✔High Density Lipoprotein - ✔✔picks up cholesterol (& CEs) and transports them
back to the liver for breakdown and recycling using lecithin: a cholesterol acyl
transferase (LCAT)
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔What's the point of making fatty acyl CoA outside the matrix if it is only used in the
matrix? - ✔✔regulation - import is regulated to ensure they are only broken down when
energy is needed
✔✔Carnitine Acyltransferase I - ✔✔creates acyl carnitine from acyl CoA in the
cytoplasm
✔✔Carnitine Acyltransferase II - ✔✔regenerates the fatty acyl CoA in the matrix
✔✔Translocase - ✔✔transports acyl carnitine across the inner membrane in exchange
for free carnitine
✔✔Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase (B-Oxidation) - ✔✔produces FADH2 and creates a double
bond in the fatty acid chain
✔✔Hydratase - ✔✔adds water across the double bond
✔✔Dehydrogenase - ✔✔produces NADH and creates a keto group on the B carbon in
the chain
✔✔Thiolase - ✔✔uses CoA to release acetyl CoA from beta keto acid; producing a fatty
acyl CoA chain with 2 fewer carbons
✔✔Carnitine Shuttle Inhibition - ✔✔production of malonyl CoA (present in fatty acid
synthesis)
✔✔Rising Glucose Levels - ✔✔insulin signals for glucose uptake and catabolism in
glycolysis
- fats and amino acids will also be imported for use in the cell
✔✔Rising ATP Levels - ✔✔glycolysis slows down and excess glucose is stored as
glycogen in muscle and liver cells
✔✔Rising ATP and NADH Levels in Mitochondria - ✔✔the citric acid cycle slows down,
allowing for the synthesis of fatty acid chains, triacylglycerol molecules and cholesterol
from Acetyl CoA
✔✔What Macromolecules Can Acetyl CoA be Made From? - ✔✔carbohydrates, fats
and amino acids
, ✔✔Fatty Acid Processing Stages - ✔✔1. Export of mitochondrial Acetyl CoA to the
cytoplasm for fat synthesis
2. Carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA by Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC)
3. Use of malonyl CoA to form 16:0 fatty acid chains by Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS)
✔✔Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) - ✔✔converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA using ATP
✔✔Malonyl CoA - ✔✔an activated 2-carbon carrying precursor for fatty acid synthesis
✔✔ACC Inhibition - ✔✔phosphorylation with rising glucagon/epinephrine and AMP
✔✔ACC Activation - ✔✔insulin and protein phosphatase
✔✔ACC Allosteric Inhibition - ✔✔palmitoyl CoA (16:0 CoA)
✔✔ACC Allosteric Stimulation - ✔✔citrate
✔✔Lipoproteins - ✔✔transport molecules for hydrophobic lipids throughout the body
✔✔HMG-CoA Reductase - ✔✔uses NADPH to form mevalonate in the cytoplasm
✔✔Inhibition of Cholesterol Synthesis - ✔✔competitive inhibitors - statins
✔✔Lipoproteins made in the intestine - ✔✔chylomicrons
✔✔Lipoproteins made in the liver - ✔✔VLDL and HDL
✔✔Apoproteins - ✔✔on the surface of lipoproteins
- help with targeting and binding to cells and other proteins via non-covalent interactions
✔✔Cholymicrons - ✔✔made in small intestine from the diet
- largest
- contain apoprotein 48
✔✔Very Low Density Lipoprotein - ✔✔made by the liver
- contains ApoB100 protein
✔✔Lipoprotein Lipase - ✔✔attacks VLDL, hydrolyzing TAGs to produce IDL and then
LDL
✔✔High Density Lipoprotein - ✔✔picks up cholesterol (& CEs) and transports them
back to the liver for breakdown and recycling using lecithin: a cholesterol acyl
transferase (LCAT)
