BCH210 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Glucose 6-phosphatase - ✔✔hydrolyzes phosphate off of glucose 6-phosphate in
gluconeogenesis to produce free glucose that can exit the cell
✔✔Pyruvate Carboxylase (GNG) - ✔✔uses energy from ATP to add CO2 from
bicarbonate onto pyruvate to form oxaloacetate
✔✔Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxykinase (GNG) - ✔✔transfers a phosphate from
GTP onto oxaloacetate to form phosphoenolpyruvate and CO2
✔✔PEP Carboxylase Inhibitor - ✔✔ADP (need ATP for function)
✔✔Pyruvate Carboxylase Activation - ✔✔Acetyl CoA
✔✔Pyruvate Carboxylase Inhibition - ✔✔ADP
✔✔Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase - ✔✔converts fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-
phosphate
✔✔Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase Inhibition - ✔✔F-2,6-Bisphosphate, AMP
✔✔PFK-2/FBPase-2 - ✔✔tandem enzyme controls the formation and hydrolysis of
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
- a single polypeptide with two active sites that can be reciprocally regulated via
phosphorylation
✔✔Glycolysis Stimulation (energy change) - ✔✔low energy (AMP/ADP)
✔✔Glycolysis Inhibition (energy change) - ✔✔high energy (ATP)
✔✔GNG Stimulation (energy change) - ✔✔high energy (ATP)
✔✔GNG Inhibition (energy change) - ✔✔low energy (AMP/ADP)
✔✔CAT I Inhibition - ✔✔Malonyl CoA (product of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase)
✔✔Statins - ✔✔inhibit cholesterol synthesis
✔✔VLDL - ✔✔very low density lipoprotein
✔✔HDL - ✔✔high density lipoprotein
- good cholesterol
, ✔✔Main sugar found in honey - ✔✔fructose - can form a furan and pyran ring
✔✔alpha-anomer - ✔✔OH below the plane of the ring
✔✔beta-anomer - ✔✔OH above the plane of the ring
✔✔Where does glycosylation take place - ✔✔ER and Golgi
✔✔What kind of reaction is glycosidic bond formation - ✔✔condensation reaction -
water is lost
✔✔How do polysaccharides differ? - ✔✔composition, connectivity, configuration
✔✔Amylose (starch) - ✔✔unbranched glucose units - alpha(1->4)-linkages
✔✔Amylopectin - ✔✔linear glucose chains joined by alpha(1->4) linkages
- alpha(1->6) linkages at branch points once every 30 glucose units
✔✔Carbohydrate Metabolism Anabolic State - ✔✔insulin signaling recruits glucose
transporters to import glucose from the blood
✔✔Carbohydrate Metabolism Catabolic State - ✔✔epinephrine and glucagon signal for
glycogen breakdown and ATP production
✔✔Hexokinase - ✔✔phosphorylates glucose using ATP
✔✔Glycolytic Pathway Free Energy - ✔✔exergonic under standard conditions and
cellular conditions
✔✔Irreversible Steps of Glycolysis - ✔✔1, 3, 10
- involve large free energy changes
✔✔Phosphofructokinase 1 - ✔✔phosphorylates the C1 hydroxyl of frutose 6-phosphate
using ATP
✔✔Phosphofructokinase 2 - ✔✔phosphorylates the C2 hydroxyl of fructose 6-
phosphate producing fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
✔✔Pyruvate Kinase - ✔✔phosphorylates phosphoenolpyruvate to form pyruvate
✔✔UDP-glucose phosphorylase - ✔✔uses UTP to activate glucose 1-phosphate
✔✔Pyruvate Dehydrogenase - ✔✔E1
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Glucose 6-phosphatase - ✔✔hydrolyzes phosphate off of glucose 6-phosphate in
gluconeogenesis to produce free glucose that can exit the cell
✔✔Pyruvate Carboxylase (GNG) - ✔✔uses energy from ATP to add CO2 from
bicarbonate onto pyruvate to form oxaloacetate
✔✔Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxykinase (GNG) - ✔✔transfers a phosphate from
GTP onto oxaloacetate to form phosphoenolpyruvate and CO2
✔✔PEP Carboxylase Inhibitor - ✔✔ADP (need ATP for function)
✔✔Pyruvate Carboxylase Activation - ✔✔Acetyl CoA
✔✔Pyruvate Carboxylase Inhibition - ✔✔ADP
✔✔Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase - ✔✔converts fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-
phosphate
✔✔Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase Inhibition - ✔✔F-2,6-Bisphosphate, AMP
✔✔PFK-2/FBPase-2 - ✔✔tandem enzyme controls the formation and hydrolysis of
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
- a single polypeptide with two active sites that can be reciprocally regulated via
phosphorylation
✔✔Glycolysis Stimulation (energy change) - ✔✔low energy (AMP/ADP)
✔✔Glycolysis Inhibition (energy change) - ✔✔high energy (ATP)
✔✔GNG Stimulation (energy change) - ✔✔high energy (ATP)
✔✔GNG Inhibition (energy change) - ✔✔low energy (AMP/ADP)
✔✔CAT I Inhibition - ✔✔Malonyl CoA (product of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase)
✔✔Statins - ✔✔inhibit cholesterol synthesis
✔✔VLDL - ✔✔very low density lipoprotein
✔✔HDL - ✔✔high density lipoprotein
- good cholesterol
, ✔✔Main sugar found in honey - ✔✔fructose - can form a furan and pyran ring
✔✔alpha-anomer - ✔✔OH below the plane of the ring
✔✔beta-anomer - ✔✔OH above the plane of the ring
✔✔Where does glycosylation take place - ✔✔ER and Golgi
✔✔What kind of reaction is glycosidic bond formation - ✔✔condensation reaction -
water is lost
✔✔How do polysaccharides differ? - ✔✔composition, connectivity, configuration
✔✔Amylose (starch) - ✔✔unbranched glucose units - alpha(1->4)-linkages
✔✔Amylopectin - ✔✔linear glucose chains joined by alpha(1->4) linkages
- alpha(1->6) linkages at branch points once every 30 glucose units
✔✔Carbohydrate Metabolism Anabolic State - ✔✔insulin signaling recruits glucose
transporters to import glucose from the blood
✔✔Carbohydrate Metabolism Catabolic State - ✔✔epinephrine and glucagon signal for
glycogen breakdown and ATP production
✔✔Hexokinase - ✔✔phosphorylates glucose using ATP
✔✔Glycolytic Pathway Free Energy - ✔✔exergonic under standard conditions and
cellular conditions
✔✔Irreversible Steps of Glycolysis - ✔✔1, 3, 10
- involve large free energy changes
✔✔Phosphofructokinase 1 - ✔✔phosphorylates the C1 hydroxyl of frutose 6-phosphate
using ATP
✔✔Phosphofructokinase 2 - ✔✔phosphorylates the C2 hydroxyl of fructose 6-
phosphate producing fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
✔✔Pyruvate Kinase - ✔✔phosphorylates phosphoenolpyruvate to form pyruvate
✔✔UDP-glucose phosphorylase - ✔✔uses UTP to activate glucose 1-phosphate
✔✔Pyruvate Dehydrogenase - ✔✔E1
