UNIT–II NOTES
Human Physiology Notes – Blood, Cardiovascular &
Respiratory System (With MCQs & Diagrams)
(Detailed Theory + Diagrams + MCQs)
These notes are strictly based on university exam syllabus and
nursing standards.
Subject: Human Physiology
What this document includes:
✔ Detailed theory explained in easy language
✔ Exam-oriented short & long questions
✔ Important diagrams (exam favorites)
✔ 25 MCQs with answer key
✔ Comparison tables & flow charts
✔ Helpful for last-minute revision
Topics Covered in Unit–II
• Blood – Definition, Composition & Functions
• Plasma Proteins – Composition & Functions
• Erythropoiesis
• Anaemia & Jaundice – Pathophysiology, Causes &
Symptoms
• Cardiac Cycle, Cardiac Output & Heart Sounds
• ECG – Waves, Interpretation & Heart Rate Regulation
• Blood Pressure & Hypertension
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
,• Hemorrhage & Compensatory Changes• Transport of
Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
• Control of Respiration
• Lung Volumes & Capacities
• COPD
• Respiratory Function Tests (Spirometry, FEV₁, PEFR)
Useful For:
• B.Sc. Nursing
• GNM / ANM
• B.Sc. Life Science
• Nutrition & Dietetics
• Paramedical Courses
• University & Competitive Exams
Prepared By:
Prepared by: Alina Wellness Hub
(M.Sc. Dietetics & Food Service Management)
Why buy these notes?
• Simple language (no confusing terms)
• Based on exam pattern
• Perfect for quick revision + full preparation
• Trusted by students
, Blood and Cardio-Thoracic Physiology
Blood – Definition
Blood is a specialized fluid connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements such as red
blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. It continuously circulates throughout the
body and plays a vital role in transportation, regulation, and protection of the body.
Composition of Blood
Blood consists of two main components:
1. Plasma (About 55%)
Plasma is the liquid portion of blood and appears pale yellow in color. It serves as a medium for
transporting various substances.
Components of Plasma:
• Water (90–92%) – Helps in transport of nutrients, hormones, and waste products
• Plasma Proteins (7–8%)
• Albumin – Maintains osmotic pressure and blood volume
• Globulins – Involved in immunity
• Fibrinogen – Essential for blood clotting
• Electrolytes – Sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.
• Nutrients – Glucose, amino acids, lipids
• Hormones and enzymes
• Waste products – Urea, uric acid, creatinine
2. Formed Elements (About 45%)
a) Red Blood Cells (RBCs / Erythrocytes)
• Contain hemoglobin
• Functions:
• Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues
• Carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
• Life span: 120 days
, b) White Blood Cells (WBCs / Leukocytes)
• Form the body’s defense system
• Functions:
• Protect against infections
• Participate in immune responses
• Types:
• Neutrophils
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
c) Platelets (Thrombocytes)
• Small cell fragments involved in blood clotting
• Prevent excessive blood loss during injury
• Life span: 7–10 days
Human Physiology Notes – Blood, Cardiovascular &
Respiratory System (With MCQs & Diagrams)
(Detailed Theory + Diagrams + MCQs)
These notes are strictly based on university exam syllabus and
nursing standards.
Subject: Human Physiology
What this document includes:
✔ Detailed theory explained in easy language
✔ Exam-oriented short & long questions
✔ Important diagrams (exam favorites)
✔ 25 MCQs with answer key
✔ Comparison tables & flow charts
✔ Helpful for last-minute revision
Topics Covered in Unit–II
• Blood – Definition, Composition & Functions
• Plasma Proteins – Composition & Functions
• Erythropoiesis
• Anaemia & Jaundice – Pathophysiology, Causes &
Symptoms
• Cardiac Cycle, Cardiac Output & Heart Sounds
• ECG – Waves, Interpretation & Heart Rate Regulation
• Blood Pressure & Hypertension
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
,• Hemorrhage & Compensatory Changes• Transport of
Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
• Control of Respiration
• Lung Volumes & Capacities
• COPD
• Respiratory Function Tests (Spirometry, FEV₁, PEFR)
Useful For:
• B.Sc. Nursing
• GNM / ANM
• B.Sc. Life Science
• Nutrition & Dietetics
• Paramedical Courses
• University & Competitive Exams
Prepared By:
Prepared by: Alina Wellness Hub
(M.Sc. Dietetics & Food Service Management)
Why buy these notes?
• Simple language (no confusing terms)
• Based on exam pattern
• Perfect for quick revision + full preparation
• Trusted by students
, Blood and Cardio-Thoracic Physiology
Blood – Definition
Blood is a specialized fluid connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements such as red
blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. It continuously circulates throughout the
body and plays a vital role in transportation, regulation, and protection of the body.
Composition of Blood
Blood consists of two main components:
1. Plasma (About 55%)
Plasma is the liquid portion of blood and appears pale yellow in color. It serves as a medium for
transporting various substances.
Components of Plasma:
• Water (90–92%) – Helps in transport of nutrients, hormones, and waste products
• Plasma Proteins (7–8%)
• Albumin – Maintains osmotic pressure and blood volume
• Globulins – Involved in immunity
• Fibrinogen – Essential for blood clotting
• Electrolytes – Sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.
• Nutrients – Glucose, amino acids, lipids
• Hormones and enzymes
• Waste products – Urea, uric acid, creatinine
2. Formed Elements (About 45%)
a) Red Blood Cells (RBCs / Erythrocytes)
• Contain hemoglobin
• Functions:
• Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues
• Carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
• Life span: 120 days
, b) White Blood Cells (WBCs / Leukocytes)
• Form the body’s defense system
• Functions:
• Protect against infections
• Participate in immune responses
• Types:
• Neutrophils
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
c) Platelets (Thrombocytes)
• Small cell fragments involved in blood clotting
• Prevent excessive blood loss during injury
• Life span: 7–10 days
