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Table of Contents
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0. Communicating Mathematics dt
0.1 Learning Mathematics dt
0.2 What Others Have Said About Writing
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0.3 Mathematical Writing dt
0.4 Using Symbols dt
0.5 Writing Mathematical Expressions dt dt
0.6 Common Words and Phrases in Mathematics dt dt dt dt dt
0.7 Some Closing Comments About Writing
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1. Sets
1.1 Describing a Set dt dt
1.2 Subsets
1.3 Set Operations
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1.4 Indexed Collections of Sets dt dt dt
1.5 Partitions of Sets dt dt
1.6 Cartesian Products of Sets Exercises for Chapter 1
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2. Logic
2.1 Statements
2.2 Negations
2.3 Disjunctions and Conjunctions dt dt
2.4 Implications
2.5 More on Implications dt dt
2.6 Biconditionals
2.7 Tautologies and Contradictions dt dt
2.8 Logical Equivalence dt
2.9 Some Fundamental Properties of Logical Equivalence
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2.10 Quantified Statements dt
2.11 Characterizations Exercises for Chapter 2 dt dt dt dt
3. Direct Proof and Proof by Contrapositive
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3.1 Trivial and Vacuous Proofs dt dt dt
3.2 Direct Proofs dt
3.3 Proof by Contrapositive dt dt
3.4 Proof by Cases dt dt
3.5 Proof Evaluations dt d
Exercises for Chapter 3
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4. More on Direct Proof and Proof by Contrapositive
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4.1 Proofs Involving Divisibility of Integers
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4.2 Proofs Involving Congruence of Integers
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4.3 Proofs Involving Real Numbers dt dt dt
4.4 Proofs Involving Sets dt dt
4.5 Fundamental Properties of Set Operations dt dt dt dt
4.6 Proofs Involving Cartesian Products of Sets Exercises for Chapter 4
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5. Existence and Proof by Contradiction
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5.1 Counterexamples
5.2 Proof by Contradiction dt dt
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5.3 A Review of Three Proof Techniques
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5.4 Existence Proofs dt
5.5 Disproving Existence Statements Exercises for Chapter 5 dt dt dt dt dt dt
6. Mathematical Induction dt
6.1 The Principle of Mathematical Induction
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6.2 A More General Principle of Mathematical Induction
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6.3 The Strong Principle of Mathematical Induction
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6.4 Proof by Minimum Counterexample Exercises for Chapter 6
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7. Reviewing Proof Techniques dt dt
7.1 Reviewing Direct Proof and Proof by Contrapositive dt dt dt dt dt dt
7.2 Reviewing Proof by Contradiction and Existence Proofs dt dt dt dt dt dt
7.3 Reviewing Induction Proofs dt dt
7.4 Reviewing Evaluations of Proposed Proofs Exercises for Chapter 7
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8. Prove or Disprove
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8.1 Conjectures in Mathematics dt dt
8.2 Revisiting Quantified Statements dt dt
8.3 Testing Statements Exercises for Chapter 8
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9. Equivalence Relations dt
9.1 Relations
9.2 Properties of Relations dt dt
9.3 Equivalence Relations dt
9.4 Properties of Equivalence Classes dt dt dt
9.5 Congruence Modulo n dt dt
9.6 The Integers Modulo n Exercises for Chapter 9
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10. Functions
10.1 The Definition of Function
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10.2 One-to-one and Onto Functions dt dt dt
10.3 Bijective Functions dt
10.4 Composition of Functions dt dt
10.5 Inverse Functions dt dt
Exercises for Chapter 10
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11. Cardinalities of Sets dt dt
11.1 Numerically Equivalent Sets dt dt
11.2 Denumerable Sets dt
11.3 Uncountable Sets dt
11.4 Comparing Cardinalities of Sets dt dt dt
11.5 The Schroder-Bernstein Theorem¨ Exercises for Chapter 11
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12. Proofs in Number Theory
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12.1 Divisibility Properties of Integers dt dt dt
12.2 The Division Algorithm
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12.3 Greatest Common Divisors dt dt
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12.4 The Euclidean Algorithm
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12.5 Relatively Prime Integers dt dt
12.6 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
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12.7 Concepts Involving Sums of Divisors Exercises for Chapter 12
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13. Proofs in Combinatorics
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13.1 The Multiplication and Addition Principles
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13.2 The Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion
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13.3 The Pigeonhole Principle
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13.4 Permutations and Combinations dt dt
13.5 The Pascal Triangle
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13.6 The Binomial Theorem
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13.7 Permutations and Combinations with Repetition Exercises for Chapter 13 dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
14. Proofs in Calculus
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14.1 Limits of Sequences dt dt
14.2 Infinite Series dt
14.3 Limits of Functions dt dt
14.4 Fundamental Properties of Limits of Functions dt dt dt dt dt
14.5 Continuity
14.6 Differentiability Ex dt
ercises for Chapter 14
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15. Proofs in Group Theory
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15.1 Binary Operations dt
15.2 Groups
15.3 Permutation Groups dt
15.4 Fundamental Properties of Groups dt dt dt
15.5 Subgroups
15.6 Isomorphic Groups Exercises for Chapter 15 dt dt dt dt dt
16. Proofs in Ring Theory (Online)
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16.1 Rings
16.2 Elementary Properties of Rings dt dt dt
16.3 Subrings
16.4 Integral Domains 16.5 Fields dt dt dt dt
Exercises for Chapter 16
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17. Proofs in Linear Algebra (Online)
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17.1 Properties of Vectors in 3-Space dt dt dt dt
17.2 Vector Spaces dt
17.3 Matrices
17.4 Some Properties of Vector Spaces
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17.5 Subspaces
17.6 Spans of Vectors dt dt
17.7 Linear Dependence and Independence
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17.8 Linear Transformations dt
17.9 Properties of Linear Transformations dt dt dt dt
Exercises for Chapter 17
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18. Proofs with Real and Complex Numbers (Online)
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18.1 The Real Numbers as an Ordered Field
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18.2 The Real Numbers and the Completeness Axiom
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18.3 Open and Closed Sets of Real Numbers
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18.4 Compact Sets of Real Numbers dt dt dt dt
18.5 Complex Numbers dt
18.6 De Moivre’s Theorem and Euler’s Formula Exercises for Chapter 18
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