1
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 (EXAM)
ELABORATION Q&A UPDATED
VERSION
Wilhelm Wundt
ANSWER :- First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
Introspection
ANSWER :Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by examining their conscious thoughts and
feelings
Empiricism
ANSWER :Knowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised by the use of the scientific
method
Scientific Method
ANSWER :The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
Evaluation of Wundt
ANSWER :- methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable
, 2
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach
ANSWER :- its objective and systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
Classical Conditioning
ANSWER :Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that
it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning steps
ANSWER :UCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Features of CC
ANSWER :- If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
, 3
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning
ANSWER :Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or punishment, a behaviour is more likely if
followed by a desirable concequence
Positive Reinforcement
ANSWER :Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable
Negative Reinforcement
ANSWER :Doing something to stop unpleasant response
Reinforcement
ANSWER :Strengthening a response
Punishment
ANSWER :An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning
ANSWER :- Scheduling reinforcement makes it stronger
- Punishment
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning
ANSWER :- Applications in treatment of phobias
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning
, 4
ANSWER :- Use of experimental method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
Modelling
ANSWER :Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation
ANSWER :Copying a models behaviour
Identification
ANSWER :Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model because they want to be like them
Vicarious Reinforcement
ANSWER :Individuals learn about the likely consequences by observing a model's experiences and
adjust their behaviour to obtain the same experience
The Role of the meditational Processes
ANSWER :Observer forms a mental representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the
probable consequences it will also happen to them
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory
ANSWER :- Applications in human behaviour
- research support (Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have this a try to find
people similar
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2 (EXAM)
ELABORATION Q&A UPDATED
VERSION
Wilhelm Wundt
ANSWER :- First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
Introspection
ANSWER :Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by examining their conscious thoughts and
feelings
Empiricism
ANSWER :Knowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised by the use of the scientific
method
Scientific Method
ANSWER :The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
Evaluation of Wundt
ANSWER :- methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable
, 2
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach
ANSWER :- its objective and systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
Classical Conditioning
ANSWER :Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that
it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning steps
ANSWER :UCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Features of CC
ANSWER :- If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
, 3
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning
ANSWER :Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or punishment, a behaviour is more likely if
followed by a desirable concequence
Positive Reinforcement
ANSWER :Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable
Negative Reinforcement
ANSWER :Doing something to stop unpleasant response
Reinforcement
ANSWER :Strengthening a response
Punishment
ANSWER :An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning
ANSWER :- Scheduling reinforcement makes it stronger
- Punishment
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning
ANSWER :- Applications in treatment of phobias
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning
, 4
ANSWER :- Use of experimental method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
Modelling
ANSWER :Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation
ANSWER :Copying a models behaviour
Identification
ANSWER :Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model because they want to be like them
Vicarious Reinforcement
ANSWER :Individuals learn about the likely consequences by observing a model's experiences and
adjust their behaviour to obtain the same experience
The Role of the meditational Processes
ANSWER :Observer forms a mental representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the
probable consequences it will also happen to them
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory
ANSWER :- Applications in human behaviour
- research support (Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have this a try to find
people similar
