GCU B IO-201 Midter m Stu dy gu ide
w ith 122 exper t cu r ated questions
an d answ er s 2026
Describe the difference between anatomy, physiology, and
pathophysiology
Anatomy, study of structure and organization of body parts. Physiology,
study of the functions and processes of these body parts.
Pathophysiology examines the abnormalities / disturbances in
physiological processes that lead to disease.
6 levels of structural organization
Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system
level, Organism level
Describe negative feedback and its purpose in maintaining homeostasis
as well as its relation to a receptor, integrator, and effector.
Negative feedback reverses a deviation from homeostasis. Receptor
senses a change, integrator processes the information, effector
produces a change to counteract the deviation.
Describe positive feedback & give an example
Positive feedback amplifies a change leading to a greater deviation.
example, childbirth when uterine contractions stimulate the release of
oxytocin which increases contractions further until childbirth
Describe the molecular structure and importance of water
,water is a polar molecule with a bent shape due to its oxygen atom & 2
hydrogen atoms. Importance: ability to dissolve solutes, participate in
chemical reaction, regulate temp, provides medium for biological
processing
Identify a proton or electron on a molecule
A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus
of an atom. An electron is a negatively charged particle orbiting around
the nucleus
Difference between a covalent vs. hydrogen vs. ionic bond
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms,
hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between partially charged atoms,
Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Describe enzyme, protein, carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids,
phosphoproteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, phospholipids and a
substrate.
Enzymes- biological catalyst that speed up chemical reactions.
Carbohydrates- organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. Lipids- hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils and
phospholipids. Nucleic acids- macromolecules that store and transmit
genetic information. Phosphoprotein- a protein w added phosphate
groups, which often helps regulate its function within cells.
glycoprotein- a protein w attached sugar molecules, often involved in
cell communication and recognition. Lipoprotein- A complex made of
proteins and lipids.
phospholipid- a molecule w a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
forming the base of cell membranes. Substrate- molecule in which
, enzyme acts to catalyze a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of
products
Describe how carbohydrates are stored in the body
stored primarily as glycogen in the liver and muscles
Difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides
Mono are single sugar molecules, di are made up on 2
monosaccharides, poly are complex carbohydrates made up of many
monosaccharides.
Describe the molecular formula of a carbohydrate
(CH2o) n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms
Describe the composition of triglycerides, nucleic acids, and
proteoglycans.
Triglycerides consist of 3 fatty acid molecules bonded to a glycerol
molecule. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, and
proteoglycans are proteins w attached glycosaminoglycan chains.
Describe the difference between HDL and LDL
HDL ( high density lipoprotein) carries cholesterol away from the
arteries to the liver for processing, while LDL (low density lipoprotein)
carries cholesterol to the cells, increasing the risk of plaque formation in
arteries.
Describe the importance and chemical structure of ATP in the body.
w ith 122 exper t cu r ated questions
an d answ er s 2026
Describe the difference between anatomy, physiology, and
pathophysiology
Anatomy, study of structure and organization of body parts. Physiology,
study of the functions and processes of these body parts.
Pathophysiology examines the abnormalities / disturbances in
physiological processes that lead to disease.
6 levels of structural organization
Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system
level, Organism level
Describe negative feedback and its purpose in maintaining homeostasis
as well as its relation to a receptor, integrator, and effector.
Negative feedback reverses a deviation from homeostasis. Receptor
senses a change, integrator processes the information, effector
produces a change to counteract the deviation.
Describe positive feedback & give an example
Positive feedback amplifies a change leading to a greater deviation.
example, childbirth when uterine contractions stimulate the release of
oxytocin which increases contractions further until childbirth
Describe the molecular structure and importance of water
,water is a polar molecule with a bent shape due to its oxygen atom & 2
hydrogen atoms. Importance: ability to dissolve solutes, participate in
chemical reaction, regulate temp, provides medium for biological
processing
Identify a proton or electron on a molecule
A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus
of an atom. An electron is a negatively charged particle orbiting around
the nucleus
Difference between a covalent vs. hydrogen vs. ionic bond
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms,
hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between partially charged atoms,
Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Describe enzyme, protein, carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids,
phosphoproteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, phospholipids and a
substrate.
Enzymes- biological catalyst that speed up chemical reactions.
Carbohydrates- organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen. Lipids- hydrophobic molecules that include fats, oils and
phospholipids. Nucleic acids- macromolecules that store and transmit
genetic information. Phosphoprotein- a protein w added phosphate
groups, which often helps regulate its function within cells.
glycoprotein- a protein w attached sugar molecules, often involved in
cell communication and recognition. Lipoprotein- A complex made of
proteins and lipids.
phospholipid- a molecule w a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
forming the base of cell membranes. Substrate- molecule in which
, enzyme acts to catalyze a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of
products
Describe how carbohydrates are stored in the body
stored primarily as glycogen in the liver and muscles
Difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides
Mono are single sugar molecules, di are made up on 2
monosaccharides, poly are complex carbohydrates made up of many
monosaccharides.
Describe the molecular formula of a carbohydrate
(CH2o) n, where n represents the number of carbon atoms
Describe the composition of triglycerides, nucleic acids, and
proteoglycans.
Triglycerides consist of 3 fatty acid molecules bonded to a glycerol
molecule. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, and
proteoglycans are proteins w attached glycosaminoglycan chains.
Describe the difference between HDL and LDL
HDL ( high density lipoprotein) carries cholesterol away from the
arteries to the liver for processing, while LDL (low density lipoprotein)
carries cholesterol to the cells, increasing the risk of plaque formation in
arteries.
Describe the importance and chemical structure of ATP in the body.
