B IO-202 Exam #4
Qu estions and answ er s
w ith accu r ate
r ationales(PASSED)
1. What sits higher? The left or right kidney? Why? - answer a. The left
kidney sits higher bc
2. What are the four organs of the excretory system? - answer a. Skin,
lungs, large intestine, and urinary system
3. What are the four major structures of the urinary system? - answer a.
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
4. List AND describe the five functions of the urinary system - answer a.
Regulate blood volume and BP by adjusting volume of water lost in
urine
b. Regulate plasma ion concentrations
c. Help stabilize blood pH
d. Conserve valuable nutrients
,e. Assist liver to detoxify poisons
5. Compare and contrast the locations AND functions of the renal
capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia. Make sure you know the
correct order from superficial to deep and vice versa. - answer a. Renal
capsule- a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of entire
organ
b. Adipose capsule- a thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds renal
capsule
c. Renal fascia- a dense, fibrous outer layer that anchors the kidney to
surrounding structures
6. What is going on at the renal hilum? - answer Point of entry for renal
artery and renal nerves
Point of exit for renal vein and ureter
8. Make a flow chart illustrating the flow of blood through the kidneys. -
answer a. Renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate
arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus,
efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, venules, cortical radiate
veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
b. Renal artery afferent arterioles glomerular capillaries efferent
arterioles capillary network around renal tubule (allows to change
concentration of pre urine) venule renal vein IVC right atrium
,9. What are the two major structures that make up a nephron? - answer
a. Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
10. What two structures make up the renal corpuscle? - answer a.
Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) and the glomerulus
11. What is another name for the capsular space? - answer a. Bowman's
space
12. Describe the blood flow into and out of the glomerulus, making sure
to explain the significance of the differing diameters of the afferent and
efferent arteriole. - answer a. attached to arterioles on both sides
(maintains high pressure)
-large afferent arteriole
-narrow efferent arteriole
-blood leaves in efferent arteriole: flows into peritubular capillaries
which drain into small venules and return blood to venous system
13. What are the main structures and functions of the juxtaglomerular
apparatus? Spend some time and really make sure you understand the
arrangement of the components of the JGA since this is a very
important structure when it comes to regulating blood pressure. -
answer a. An endocrine structure that secretes EPO and renin
, b. Formed by macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells which are closely
associated with smooth muscle in the afferent and efferent arterioles
14. What "force" drives glomerular filtration? What exactly is filtrate? -
answer Blood pressure:
i. forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into
capsular space (Bowman's Capsule)
ii. produces protein-free solution (filtrate) similar to blood plasma
15. Once the blood is filtered by the glomerulus, what are the possible
fates of the filtrate? - answer a. as it travels down the tubule it changes
composition based on osmolarity
16. Generally, which regions of the renal tubule does reabsorption and
secretion take place in? - answer a. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)-
reabsorption
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)-secretion
Separated by the Loop of Henle
17. Which regions of the renal tubule are in the cortex of the kidney
and which are in the medulla of the kidney? - answer a. -PCT and DCT
are located in the cortex
-Loop of Henle extends partially into medulla
-collecting duct starts in the cortex and ends in the medulla
Qu estions and answ er s
w ith accu r ate
r ationales(PASSED)
1. What sits higher? The left or right kidney? Why? - answer a. The left
kidney sits higher bc
2. What are the four organs of the excretory system? - answer a. Skin,
lungs, large intestine, and urinary system
3. What are the four major structures of the urinary system? - answer a.
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
4. List AND describe the five functions of the urinary system - answer a.
Regulate blood volume and BP by adjusting volume of water lost in
urine
b. Regulate plasma ion concentrations
c. Help stabilize blood pH
d. Conserve valuable nutrients
,e. Assist liver to detoxify poisons
5. Compare and contrast the locations AND functions of the renal
capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia. Make sure you know the
correct order from superficial to deep and vice versa. - answer a. Renal
capsule- a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of entire
organ
b. Adipose capsule- a thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds renal
capsule
c. Renal fascia- a dense, fibrous outer layer that anchors the kidney to
surrounding structures
6. What is going on at the renal hilum? - answer Point of entry for renal
artery and renal nerves
Point of exit for renal vein and ureter
8. Make a flow chart illustrating the flow of blood through the kidneys. -
answer a. Renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate
arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus,
efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, venules, cortical radiate
veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
b. Renal artery afferent arterioles glomerular capillaries efferent
arterioles capillary network around renal tubule (allows to change
concentration of pre urine) venule renal vein IVC right atrium
,9. What are the two major structures that make up a nephron? - answer
a. Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
10. What two structures make up the renal corpuscle? - answer a.
Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) and the glomerulus
11. What is another name for the capsular space? - answer a. Bowman's
space
12. Describe the blood flow into and out of the glomerulus, making sure
to explain the significance of the differing diameters of the afferent and
efferent arteriole. - answer a. attached to arterioles on both sides
(maintains high pressure)
-large afferent arteriole
-narrow efferent arteriole
-blood leaves in efferent arteriole: flows into peritubular capillaries
which drain into small venules and return blood to venous system
13. What are the main structures and functions of the juxtaglomerular
apparatus? Spend some time and really make sure you understand the
arrangement of the components of the JGA since this is a very
important structure when it comes to regulating blood pressure. -
answer a. An endocrine structure that secretes EPO and renin
, b. Formed by macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells which are closely
associated with smooth muscle in the afferent and efferent arterioles
14. What "force" drives glomerular filtration? What exactly is filtrate? -
answer Blood pressure:
i. forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into
capsular space (Bowman's Capsule)
ii. produces protein-free solution (filtrate) similar to blood plasma
15. Once the blood is filtered by the glomerulus, what are the possible
fates of the filtrate? - answer a. as it travels down the tubule it changes
composition based on osmolarity
16. Generally, which regions of the renal tubule does reabsorption and
secretion take place in? - answer a. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)-
reabsorption
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)-secretion
Separated by the Loop of Henle
17. Which regions of the renal tubule are in the cortex of the kidney
and which are in the medulla of the kidney? - answer a. -PCT and DCT
are located in the cortex
-Loop of Henle extends partially into medulla
-collecting duct starts in the cortex and ends in the medulla
