CSRS EVALUATION EXAM UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Frontal Lobe - ✔✔-controls voluntary movement
-thinking problem solving
-reasoning judgement
-personality
✔✔Primary Motor Cortex
(motor homunculus) - ✔✔-located on the pre-central gyrus
-controls voluntary movement
-lesion to this area results in motor deficits and/or paralysis to the contralateral side of
the body
✔✔Premotor Cortex - ✔✔-located just anterior to the primary motor cortex
-controls actions of trunk and proximal limb muscles
-responsible for body part ownership
-lesion to this area result in unilateral neglect
✔✔Supplementary Motor Cortex - ✔✔-located medial to the primary motor cortex
-motor planning region
-stores motor memories and directs activity of primary motor cortex
-lesion may result in apraxia
✔✔Broca's Area - ✔✔Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually
in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
-Speech motor area (expressive)
-located only in the left side of the brain in 90% of people
-can be flipped with left -handed people
✔✔Wernike's Area - ✔✔language comprehension
-located in the left hemisphere in 90% of people
-important for understanding language including: verbal sign and written language
-corresponding area contralaterally responsible for interpretation of nonverbal
communication
-damage results in receptive aphasia (
✔✔Parietal Lobe - ✔✔A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include
processing information about touch.
-perception
-processing of sensation
-spatial awareness
✔✔Somatosensory Cortex
,-Sensory Homunculus - ✔✔area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and
processes body touch and movement sensations (Brodmann area 1,2, 3a and 3b)
-located on the postcentral gyrus
-perceives pain, temperature, pressure
-touch, vibration, and proprioception
✔✔Parietotemporal Association Cortex - ✔✔located:
-posterior and inferior portion of the parietal lobe
-overlaps parietal and temporal lobe
-involved in abstract thought, reading and writing
-mathematics, spatial perception
-understanding written language (angular gyrus)
✔✔Occipital Lobe - ✔✔A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
-contain two important regions
-Primary Visual Cortex
-Visual Association Area
✔✔Primary Visual Cortes ( Occipital Lobe) - ✔✔Responsible for:
-visual perception
-receiving visual input from the contralateral visual field
Damage results in:
-hemianopsia: injury on one side
-cortical blindness : bilateral injury
-qudrantanopia: anopia affecting a quarter of the field of vision. (describes defects
confined mostly to approximately one-fourth of an eye's visual space)
✔✔Visual Association Area (Occipital Lobe) - ✔✔Located anterior to the primary visual
cortex
Responsible for:
-interpretation of visual stimuli (spatial perception & recognition of faces)
Damage results in:
-visual agnosia: the patient can see the item however they can not recognize it
✔✔Temporal Lobe - ✔✔An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the
temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information
-limbic system (responsible for emotion & memory)
-auditory system
-olfactory system
-facial recognition
✔✔Aphasia (3 types) - ✔✔A language disorder that affects a person's ability to
communicate.
-Expressive aphasia - you know what you want to say, but you have trouble saying or
writing what you mean.
,-Receptive aphasia - you hear the voice or see the print, but you can't make sense of
the words.
-Global aphasia - you can't speak, understand speech, read, or write
✔✔Primary Olfactory Cortex - ✔✔responsible for awareness and identification of an
odor
Damage results in:
-Anosmia: loss of smell bilaterally (deficits in taste with patient exhibiting decreased
appetite and weight loss . known to cause safety issue with gas leaks
✔✔Amygdala - ✔✔-two bean shaped clusters, one located in each hemisphere of the
brain, considered to be part of the brain's limbic system. This is where emotions are
given meaning, remembered, and attached to associations and responses to them
(emotional memories)
-small almond shaped structure on the medial side of the temporal lobe
involved in:
-processing and consolidating memory
-autonomic responses associated with fear
-emotional responses (fight-or flight) anger, sadness and controlling of agression
✔✔Hippocampus - ✔✔a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process
explicit memories for storage
-involved in the creation of new long-term memories
Damage results in
-Anterograde Amnesia: bilateral damage results in the inability to establish new long-
term memories
✔✔Basal Ganglia - ✔✔a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements
-initiation and inhibition of movement
-initiation of thought
-initiation of emotion
-plays an important role in motor control
-directs actions of all motor tracts
-Parkinson's disease is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic innervation in the basal
ganglia leading to complex motor and non-motor symptoms.
✔✔Brainstem - ✔✔The oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for
automatic survival functions.
-Controls: heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, eye movement, hearing, speech,
swallowing
-responsible for autonomic survival and function
✔✔Pons - ✔✔A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of
the brain
-the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus
-largest portion of the brainstem
, -contains cranial nerves 5,6,7 (trigeminal, abducens, facial)
-motor nerve fibers connect motor areas of the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and
allow voluntary movement
-damage to these nerves can cause "LOCKED-IN SYNDROME (Pseudocoma)
✔✔Locked-in syndrome - ✔✔Condition in which a patient is aware and awake but
cannot move or communicate verbally because of complete paralysis of nearly all
voluntary muscles except the eyes.
-Pontine stroke: rare neurological disorder in which there is a complete paralysis of all
voluntary muscles except the one that control movement of the eyes cranial nerve #5
trigeminal
✔✔Thalamus - ✔✔the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it
directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to
the cerebellum and medulla
-Executive Assistant: the cerebral cortex
-almost all information that ends up in the cortex passes through here first
-sensory & motor integration
✔✔Hypothalamus - ✔✔a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating,
drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland,
and is linked to emotion
-Controls Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
-regulates activity and endocrine glands
-connects physiological response to emotions
-regulates: water balance, hunger, thirst, sexual drive, sleep-wake-cycles, body
temperature
✔✔Cerebellum - ✔✔the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include
processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
-Vestibulocerebellum: coordinates balance
-Spinocerebellum: coordinates posture and gait, proximal limb muscles
-Cerebrocerebellum: coordinates distal limb movements of small muscles used for
speech, regulates force, timing, and direction of movement, involved in detecting and
correcting movement errors, plays a role in motor learning and nonverbal
communication and the ability to shift focus of attention
✔✔Blood supply to the brain - ✔✔internal carotids and vertebral arteries
✔✔Anterior Cerebral Artery (Circle of Willis) - ✔✔Supplies anterior frontal lobe
Damage: characterized by weakness and sensory loss in the lower leg and foot
opposite to the lesion and behavioral changes
✔✔Circle of Willis - ✔✔Ring of blood vessels that sit at the base of the brain
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Frontal Lobe - ✔✔-controls voluntary movement
-thinking problem solving
-reasoning judgement
-personality
✔✔Primary Motor Cortex
(motor homunculus) - ✔✔-located on the pre-central gyrus
-controls voluntary movement
-lesion to this area results in motor deficits and/or paralysis to the contralateral side of
the body
✔✔Premotor Cortex - ✔✔-located just anterior to the primary motor cortex
-controls actions of trunk and proximal limb muscles
-responsible for body part ownership
-lesion to this area result in unilateral neglect
✔✔Supplementary Motor Cortex - ✔✔-located medial to the primary motor cortex
-motor planning region
-stores motor memories and directs activity of primary motor cortex
-lesion may result in apraxia
✔✔Broca's Area - ✔✔Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually
in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.
-Speech motor area (expressive)
-located only in the left side of the brain in 90% of people
-can be flipped with left -handed people
✔✔Wernike's Area - ✔✔language comprehension
-located in the left hemisphere in 90% of people
-important for understanding language including: verbal sign and written language
-corresponding area contralaterally responsible for interpretation of nonverbal
communication
-damage results in receptive aphasia (
✔✔Parietal Lobe - ✔✔A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include
processing information about touch.
-perception
-processing of sensation
-spatial awareness
✔✔Somatosensory Cortex
,-Sensory Homunculus - ✔✔area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and
processes body touch and movement sensations (Brodmann area 1,2, 3a and 3b)
-located on the postcentral gyrus
-perceives pain, temperature, pressure
-touch, vibration, and proprioception
✔✔Parietotemporal Association Cortex - ✔✔located:
-posterior and inferior portion of the parietal lobe
-overlaps parietal and temporal lobe
-involved in abstract thought, reading and writing
-mathematics, spatial perception
-understanding written language (angular gyrus)
✔✔Occipital Lobe - ✔✔A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
-contain two important regions
-Primary Visual Cortex
-Visual Association Area
✔✔Primary Visual Cortes ( Occipital Lobe) - ✔✔Responsible for:
-visual perception
-receiving visual input from the contralateral visual field
Damage results in:
-hemianopsia: injury on one side
-cortical blindness : bilateral injury
-qudrantanopia: anopia affecting a quarter of the field of vision. (describes defects
confined mostly to approximately one-fourth of an eye's visual space)
✔✔Visual Association Area (Occipital Lobe) - ✔✔Located anterior to the primary visual
cortex
Responsible for:
-interpretation of visual stimuli (spatial perception & recognition of faces)
Damage results in:
-visual agnosia: the patient can see the item however they can not recognize it
✔✔Temporal Lobe - ✔✔An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the
temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information
-limbic system (responsible for emotion & memory)
-auditory system
-olfactory system
-facial recognition
✔✔Aphasia (3 types) - ✔✔A language disorder that affects a person's ability to
communicate.
-Expressive aphasia - you know what you want to say, but you have trouble saying or
writing what you mean.
,-Receptive aphasia - you hear the voice or see the print, but you can't make sense of
the words.
-Global aphasia - you can't speak, understand speech, read, or write
✔✔Primary Olfactory Cortex - ✔✔responsible for awareness and identification of an
odor
Damage results in:
-Anosmia: loss of smell bilaterally (deficits in taste with patient exhibiting decreased
appetite and weight loss . known to cause safety issue with gas leaks
✔✔Amygdala - ✔✔-two bean shaped clusters, one located in each hemisphere of the
brain, considered to be part of the brain's limbic system. This is where emotions are
given meaning, remembered, and attached to associations and responses to them
(emotional memories)
-small almond shaped structure on the medial side of the temporal lobe
involved in:
-processing and consolidating memory
-autonomic responses associated with fear
-emotional responses (fight-or flight) anger, sadness and controlling of agression
✔✔Hippocampus - ✔✔a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process
explicit memories for storage
-involved in the creation of new long-term memories
Damage results in
-Anterograde Amnesia: bilateral damage results in the inability to establish new long-
term memories
✔✔Basal Ganglia - ✔✔a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements
-initiation and inhibition of movement
-initiation of thought
-initiation of emotion
-plays an important role in motor control
-directs actions of all motor tracts
-Parkinson's disease is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic innervation in the basal
ganglia leading to complex motor and non-motor symptoms.
✔✔Brainstem - ✔✔The oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for
automatic survival functions.
-Controls: heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, eye movement, hearing, speech,
swallowing
-responsible for autonomic survival and function
✔✔Pons - ✔✔A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of
the brain
-the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus
-largest portion of the brainstem
, -contains cranial nerves 5,6,7 (trigeminal, abducens, facial)
-motor nerve fibers connect motor areas of the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and
allow voluntary movement
-damage to these nerves can cause "LOCKED-IN SYNDROME (Pseudocoma)
✔✔Locked-in syndrome - ✔✔Condition in which a patient is aware and awake but
cannot move or communicate verbally because of complete paralysis of nearly all
voluntary muscles except the eyes.
-Pontine stroke: rare neurological disorder in which there is a complete paralysis of all
voluntary muscles except the one that control movement of the eyes cranial nerve #5
trigeminal
✔✔Thalamus - ✔✔the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it
directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to
the cerebellum and medulla
-Executive Assistant: the cerebral cortex
-almost all information that ends up in the cortex passes through here first
-sensory & motor integration
✔✔Hypothalamus - ✔✔a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating,
drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland,
and is linked to emotion
-Controls Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
-regulates activity and endocrine glands
-connects physiological response to emotions
-regulates: water balance, hunger, thirst, sexual drive, sleep-wake-cycles, body
temperature
✔✔Cerebellum - ✔✔the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include
processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
-Vestibulocerebellum: coordinates balance
-Spinocerebellum: coordinates posture and gait, proximal limb muscles
-Cerebrocerebellum: coordinates distal limb movements of small muscles used for
speech, regulates force, timing, and direction of movement, involved in detecting and
correcting movement errors, plays a role in motor learning and nonverbal
communication and the ability to shift focus of attention
✔✔Blood supply to the brain - ✔✔internal carotids and vertebral arteries
✔✔Anterior Cerebral Artery (Circle of Willis) - ✔✔Supplies anterior frontal lobe
Damage: characterized by weakness and sensory loss in the lower leg and foot
opposite to the lesion and behavioral changes
✔✔Circle of Willis - ✔✔Ring of blood vessels that sit at the base of the brain
