SCI 221 PHYSIOLOGY 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Preganglionic Neurons (Parasympathetic) - ✔✔Originates in the brainstem or spinal
cord
✔✔Protein Kinase A - ✔✔A family of enzymes that is dependent on cellular levels of
cyclic AMP. It has several functions in the cell such as regulation of glycogen, sugar,
and lipid metabolism.
✔✔Postganglionic Neurons (Parasympathetic) - ✔✔Lies outside the central nervous
system in collections of nerve cells called autonomic ganglia
✔✔Pulmonary - ✔✔To do with the lungs e.g. pulmonary veins drain the lungs.
✔✔Purkinje Fibers - ✔✔Special muscle fibres found in hearts that have a higher rate of
conduction of the contractile impulse. They transmit the impulse at a faster rate.
✔✔Sebaceous - ✔✔Containing or secreting fatty matter.
✔✔Second Messenger - ✔✔A substance whose release within a cell is promoted by a
hormone and which brings about a response by the cell.
✔✔Serous Membrane - ✔✔Very thin membrane of connecting tissue.
✔✔Signal Amplification - ✔✔A signal may reach a cell in the form of a single hormone
molecule. Inside the cell, the signal must be amplified so that the response is carried out
multiple times rather than just be a single molecule. Amplification is built into the
system.
✔✔Squamous - ✔✔Special type of flattened cell.
✔✔Stratified Epithelium - ✔✔Epithelium cells arranged one layer on top of the other.
✔✔Syncytium - ✔✔A mass of protoplasm with multiple nuclei but without differentiation
into separate cells.
✔✔T Cells - ✔✔A lymphocyte produced or processed by the thymus gland that actively
participates in the immune response
✔✔Virulent - ✔✔Ability to cause disease.
✔✔What are the basic classifications of cells? - ✔✔LOOKUP
,✔✔What are the basic classifications of tissues? - ✔✔LOOKUP
✔✔Name the basic divisions of the nervous system - ✔✔LOOKUP
✔✔What are negative and positive feedback systems? - ✔✔LOOKUP
✔✔What are the organelles and each of their functions? - ✔✔LOOKUP
✔✔What is signal amplification in regards to second messengers? - ✔✔LOOKUP
✔✔How should the respiratory system respond to low/high pH to maintain
homeostasis? - ✔✔LOOKUP
✔✔What is the meaning of homeostasis? - ✔✔The maintenance of relatively constant
conditions in the body.
✔✔Normal body temperature is ________. - ✔✔37°C or 98.6°F
✔✔Which of the following is true regarding a negative feedback system? - ✔✔All of the
Above:
1) The response of the system goes in a direction opposite to the change that set it in
motion.
2) If a regulated variable increases, the system responds by making it decrease.
3) If a regulated variable decreases, the system responds by making it increase.
✔✔Which of the follow is an example of a positive feedback? - ✔✔You get cut and
platelets form a clot. This in turn activates the fibrin clotting system and more blood
forms clots.
✔✔Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms include: - ✔✔All of the Above:
1) Sensors
2) An Integrating Center
3) Effectors
✔✔The body's internal environment is synonymous with extracellular fluid. - ✔✔True
✔✔Which of the following cells are specialized to transmit information in the form of
electrical signals? - ✔✔Neurons
✔✔How many organ systems are present in the human body? - ✔✔10
✔✔Which of the following are considered connective tissue cells? - ✔✔All of the Above
1) Blood Cells
2) Bone Cells
, 3) Fat Cells
✔✔Which of the following is found wherever body fluids must be kept separate from the
eternal environment? - ✔✔Epithelial Cells
✔✔Which of the following is correct regarding the cell membrane? - ✔✔All of the Above:
1) It separates internal metabolic events from the external environment.
2) It controls the movement of material into and out of the cell.
3) It is composed of phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and cholesterol.
✔✔Match the following organelles with their function: - ✔✔Match the following:
1) Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell
2) Vacuoles - Storage areas
3) Cilia - Movement of the cell
4) Smooth ER - Lipid synthesis and transport
5) Golgi Apparatus - Packages and Distributes
✔✔The diffusion of H2O across a semi permeable or selectively permeable membrane
is termed: - ✔✔Osmosis: Which is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively
permeable membrane. When water moves into a body by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure
or osmotic pressure may build up inside the body.
✔✔Oxygen enters a cell via: - ✔✔Simple diffusion, or diffusion: Which is the net
movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) are both molecules that can pass
freely across the membrane through simple diffusion.
✔✔Oxygen enters a cell via: - ✔✔Simple diffusion, or diffusion: Which is the net
movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) are both molecules that can pass
freely across the membrane through simple diffusion.
✔✔Which of the following requires energy? - ✔✔Active transport: Which is the
movement of solutes against a gradient and requires the expenditure of energy, usually
in the form of ATP.
✔✔The term used to describe, "cell eating" is: - ✔✔Phagocytosis: Which is a form of
endocytosis wherein large particles are enveloped by the cell membrane of a (usually
larger) cell and internalized to form a phagosome, or "food vacuole."
✔✔The actions of prostaglandins are typically localized near where they are produced.
What type of communication is this? - ✔✔Paracrine
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Preganglionic Neurons (Parasympathetic) - ✔✔Originates in the brainstem or spinal
cord
✔✔Protein Kinase A - ✔✔A family of enzymes that is dependent on cellular levels of
cyclic AMP. It has several functions in the cell such as regulation of glycogen, sugar,
and lipid metabolism.
✔✔Postganglionic Neurons (Parasympathetic) - ✔✔Lies outside the central nervous
system in collections of nerve cells called autonomic ganglia
✔✔Pulmonary - ✔✔To do with the lungs e.g. pulmonary veins drain the lungs.
✔✔Purkinje Fibers - ✔✔Special muscle fibres found in hearts that have a higher rate of
conduction of the contractile impulse. They transmit the impulse at a faster rate.
✔✔Sebaceous - ✔✔Containing or secreting fatty matter.
✔✔Second Messenger - ✔✔A substance whose release within a cell is promoted by a
hormone and which brings about a response by the cell.
✔✔Serous Membrane - ✔✔Very thin membrane of connecting tissue.
✔✔Signal Amplification - ✔✔A signal may reach a cell in the form of a single hormone
molecule. Inside the cell, the signal must be amplified so that the response is carried out
multiple times rather than just be a single molecule. Amplification is built into the
system.
✔✔Squamous - ✔✔Special type of flattened cell.
✔✔Stratified Epithelium - ✔✔Epithelium cells arranged one layer on top of the other.
✔✔Syncytium - ✔✔A mass of protoplasm with multiple nuclei but without differentiation
into separate cells.
✔✔T Cells - ✔✔A lymphocyte produced or processed by the thymus gland that actively
participates in the immune response
✔✔Virulent - ✔✔Ability to cause disease.
✔✔What are the basic classifications of cells? - ✔✔LOOKUP
,✔✔What are the basic classifications of tissues? - ✔✔LOOKUP
✔✔Name the basic divisions of the nervous system - ✔✔LOOKUP
✔✔What are negative and positive feedback systems? - ✔✔LOOKUP
✔✔What are the organelles and each of their functions? - ✔✔LOOKUP
✔✔What is signal amplification in regards to second messengers? - ✔✔LOOKUP
✔✔How should the respiratory system respond to low/high pH to maintain
homeostasis? - ✔✔LOOKUP
✔✔What is the meaning of homeostasis? - ✔✔The maintenance of relatively constant
conditions in the body.
✔✔Normal body temperature is ________. - ✔✔37°C or 98.6°F
✔✔Which of the following is true regarding a negative feedback system? - ✔✔All of the
Above:
1) The response of the system goes in a direction opposite to the change that set it in
motion.
2) If a regulated variable increases, the system responds by making it decrease.
3) If a regulated variable decreases, the system responds by making it increase.
✔✔Which of the follow is an example of a positive feedback? - ✔✔You get cut and
platelets form a clot. This in turn activates the fibrin clotting system and more blood
forms clots.
✔✔Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms include: - ✔✔All of the Above:
1) Sensors
2) An Integrating Center
3) Effectors
✔✔The body's internal environment is synonymous with extracellular fluid. - ✔✔True
✔✔Which of the following cells are specialized to transmit information in the form of
electrical signals? - ✔✔Neurons
✔✔How many organ systems are present in the human body? - ✔✔10
✔✔Which of the following are considered connective tissue cells? - ✔✔All of the Above
1) Blood Cells
2) Bone Cells
, 3) Fat Cells
✔✔Which of the following is found wherever body fluids must be kept separate from the
eternal environment? - ✔✔Epithelial Cells
✔✔Which of the following is correct regarding the cell membrane? - ✔✔All of the Above:
1) It separates internal metabolic events from the external environment.
2) It controls the movement of material into and out of the cell.
3) It is composed of phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and cholesterol.
✔✔Match the following organelles with their function: - ✔✔Match the following:
1) Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell
2) Vacuoles - Storage areas
3) Cilia - Movement of the cell
4) Smooth ER - Lipid synthesis and transport
5) Golgi Apparatus - Packages and Distributes
✔✔The diffusion of H2O across a semi permeable or selectively permeable membrane
is termed: - ✔✔Osmosis: Which is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively
permeable membrane. When water moves into a body by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure
or osmotic pressure may build up inside the body.
✔✔Oxygen enters a cell via: - ✔✔Simple diffusion, or diffusion: Which is the net
movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) are both molecules that can pass
freely across the membrane through simple diffusion.
✔✔Oxygen enters a cell via: - ✔✔Simple diffusion, or diffusion: Which is the net
movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) are both molecules that can pass
freely across the membrane through simple diffusion.
✔✔Which of the following requires energy? - ✔✔Active transport: Which is the
movement of solutes against a gradient and requires the expenditure of energy, usually
in the form of ATP.
✔✔The term used to describe, "cell eating" is: - ✔✔Phagocytosis: Which is a form of
endocytosis wherein large particles are enveloped by the cell membrane of a (usually
larger) cell and internalized to form a phagosome, or "food vacuole."
✔✔The actions of prostaglandins are typically localized near where they are produced.
What type of communication is this? - ✔✔Paracrine
