CERTIFICATION EVALUATION EXAMS 2026
SOLVED QUESTIONS GRADED A+
◉ A Nation at Risk. Answer: 1983 National Commission report calling
for extensive educational reforms, including more academic course
requirements, more stringent college entrance requirements, upgraded
and updated textbooks, and longer school days and year. Content,
expectations, time, teaching.
◉ Role of Federal Government in Schools. Answer: Can influence
education thorough funding powers and enforcement of constitutional
rights.
◉ Federal Legislation. Answer: Law at the highest or national level of a
federal government, consisting of a constitution, enacted laws and court
decisions pertaining to them. In education compliance is usually
attached to funding.
◉ State Legislation. Answer: States pass laws on issues. Example:
compulsory attendance laws. Must be constitutional.
,◉ What are Federal and State Regulations?. Answer: Supplements to the
law that are legally binding. Help explain how the law should be
interpreted and implemented.
◉ Case or Common Law. Answer: The body of law made up of judicial
opinions and precedents
◉ State Court Structure. Answer: Varies by state but general includes
trial court, state courts of appeal, and a state supreme court. Any federal
question would go to the US District Court instead of the Trial court.
◉ Separate but Equal Doctrine. Answer: Established in Plessy v.
Ferguson that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in
separate but equal facilities.
◉ Unitary System. Answer: The status a school system achieves "when
it no longer discriminates between school children on the basis of race,"
◉ ReZoning of Schools. Answer: Because of a long history of
gerrymandering boundary lines with the intent to segregate, many school
boundaries during the 1950s and 1960s had little to do with geographic
barriers (e.g., rivers, hills); safety issues (e.g., location of busy roads,
factories); or the size, location, or dispersion of the student population.
When the schools were rezoned with good faith the schools were better
integrated.
,◉ 1st Amendment. Answer: Religion, speech, press, assembly, petition.
Freedom of Expression.
◉ Constitutional limits of religious expression for students.. Answer:
Students have a free exercise right to engage in private devotional
activities in public schools as long as they do not interfere with regular
school activities.
◉ Church and State Relations. Answer: Students and teachers are not
required to pledge allegiance to the flag and can sit or stand during this
part of the day.
States clearly have the authority to require vaccination against
communicable diseases as a prerequisite to school attendance.
Religious exemptions can be made for components to the state
prescribed curriculum. teachers cannot assert a free exercise right to
disregard aspects of the state-prescribed curriculum but students can.
Evolution can be taught because it is science and creationism can not be
because it is religious and has no scientific backing.
◉ 4th Amendment. Answer: Search and Seizure
, School personnel can search students' lockers or personal belongings
based on reasonable suspicion that the student possesses contraband that
is either illegal or in violation of school policy. -Lockers are school
property and subject to inspection.
Under the probable cause standard, a governmental official must have
reasonable grounds of suspicion, supported by sufficient evidence, to
cause a cautious person to believe that the suspected individual is guilty
of the alleged offense and that the search will produce evidence of the
crime committed.
The search must be justified and the scope of the search must be
reasonable.
◉ 5th Amendment. Answer: In part, the Fifth Amendment provides that
no person shall be "compelled in any criminal case to be a witness
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due
process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use,
without just compensation."
The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process
◉ 14th Amendment. Answer: Due process, equal protection