BIOL251 Final Exam Review
1. anatomy: study of structure
2. physiology: study of how body parts function
3. level of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
4. 11 systems of the human body: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascu-
lar, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
5. integumentary components: skin, hair, nails
6. integumentary functions: protection, body temperature regulation, insulation
7. skeletal components: bones, joints, cartilage
8. skeletal functions: structure, support, body movements
9. muscular components: skeletal muscle tissue
10. muscular functions: movements, produces heat, maintains posture
11. nervous components: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (eyes and ears)
12. nervous functions: action potentials, regulates body activities, detects changes in internal and external
13. endocrine components: hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituary gland, ovaries, etc.)
14. endocrine functions: releasing hormones (chemical messengers)
15. cardiovascular components: blood, heart, blood vessels
16. cardiovascular functions: pumping blood, helps regulate temperature and water content of body fluids
17. lymphatic components: lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils
18. lymphatic functions: returns proteins and fluids to the blood, carries lipids
19. respiratory components: lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, pharynx, and larynx
20. respiratory functions: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
21. digestive components: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
22. digestive functions: achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients
23. urinary components: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
24. urinary functions: produces, stores, and eliminates urine
,25. reproductive components: gonads, uterine tubes, mammary glands, etc.
26. reproductive functions: gonads produce gametes to help form a new organism, mammary glands produce milk, etc.
27. life processes in humans: metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
28. homeostasis: a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body's internal environment
29. fluid in homeostasis: extracellular fluid
30. components of a feedback loop: stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response
31. negative feedback loop: a feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving
(example: change in blood pressure)
32. positive feedback loop: a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified (example: pregnancy) 33. tissue: a group
of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities
34. 4 basic types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
35. cell junctions: cells that are held together in a variety of ways; point of contact between cells
36. tight junctions: adjacent plasma membranes with intercellular space between; stands of transmembrane proteins on the
sides
37. adherens junctions: adjacent plasma membranes with microfilament (actin) along the middle with plaque in between
38. desmosomes: adjacent plasma membranes with plaque in the middle and keratin on the sides (crazy looking)
39. hemidesmosomes: attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane with keratin on the top
40. gap junctions: adjacent plasma membranes with connexons and gaps between
41. epithelial tissue: cells arranged in sheets and are densely packed, many cell junctions present, attaches to basement
membrane, avascular with nerve supply, mitosis occurs frequently 42. epithelial cell diagram:
, BIOL251 Final Exam Review
43. classifications of epithelial tissue: simple, pseudostratified, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar
44. gland: a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion
45. endocrine and exocrine glands: glandular epithelium can have these two gland types
46. endocrine glands: glands that enter interstitial fluid and then diffuse the bloodstream without flowing through the duct;
found in the pituitary gland, pineal gland, etc.; regulate metabolic and physiological activities
47. exocrine glands: glands that secrete onto the surface of covering and lining epithelium, such as the skin; sweat, oil, and
cerumen glands; produce substances such as sweat to lower body temperature
48. structural classification of glandular epithelium: unicellular and multicellular
49. unicellular: single cells (example: goblet cells)
50. multicellular: composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure (sweat glands)
51. connective tissue: tissue that consists of cells and extracellular matrix; no free surfaces; highly vascularized with nerve
supply (exceptions include tendons and cartilage)
52. extracellualr matrix (ECM): located between the spaces of connective tissue cells; composed of fibers and ground
substance
53. connective tissue fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular
54. classifications of connective tissue: loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood
55. membranes: flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body
56. 2 types of membranes: epithelial and synovial
57. types of epithelial membrane: mucous, serous, cutaneous
58. integumentary system components: skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors
59. integumentary system functions: helps the body maintain its temperature, production of vitamin
D, provides sensory information, helps maintain homeostasis
60. 2 major layers in skin: epidermis and dermis
1. anatomy: study of structure
2. physiology: study of how body parts function
3. level of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
4. 11 systems of the human body: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascu-
lar, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
5. integumentary components: skin, hair, nails
6. integumentary functions: protection, body temperature regulation, insulation
7. skeletal components: bones, joints, cartilage
8. skeletal functions: structure, support, body movements
9. muscular components: skeletal muscle tissue
10. muscular functions: movements, produces heat, maintains posture
11. nervous components: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (eyes and ears)
12. nervous functions: action potentials, regulates body activities, detects changes in internal and external
13. endocrine components: hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituary gland, ovaries, etc.)
14. endocrine functions: releasing hormones (chemical messengers)
15. cardiovascular components: blood, heart, blood vessels
16. cardiovascular functions: pumping blood, helps regulate temperature and water content of body fluids
17. lymphatic components: lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils
18. lymphatic functions: returns proteins and fluids to the blood, carries lipids
19. respiratory components: lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, pharynx, and larynx
20. respiratory functions: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
21. digestive components: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
22. digestive functions: achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients
23. urinary components: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
24. urinary functions: produces, stores, and eliminates urine
,25. reproductive components: gonads, uterine tubes, mammary glands, etc.
26. reproductive functions: gonads produce gametes to help form a new organism, mammary glands produce milk, etc.
27. life processes in humans: metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
28. homeostasis: a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body's internal environment
29. fluid in homeostasis: extracellular fluid
30. components of a feedback loop: stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response
31. negative feedback loop: a feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving
(example: change in blood pressure)
32. positive feedback loop: a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified (example: pregnancy) 33. tissue: a group
of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities
34. 4 basic types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
35. cell junctions: cells that are held together in a variety of ways; point of contact between cells
36. tight junctions: adjacent plasma membranes with intercellular space between; stands of transmembrane proteins on the
sides
37. adherens junctions: adjacent plasma membranes with microfilament (actin) along the middle with plaque in between
38. desmosomes: adjacent plasma membranes with plaque in the middle and keratin on the sides (crazy looking)
39. hemidesmosomes: attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane with keratin on the top
40. gap junctions: adjacent plasma membranes with connexons and gaps between
41. epithelial tissue: cells arranged in sheets and are densely packed, many cell junctions present, attaches to basement
membrane, avascular with nerve supply, mitosis occurs frequently 42. epithelial cell diagram:
, BIOL251 Final Exam Review
43. classifications of epithelial tissue: simple, pseudostratified, stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar
44. gland: a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion
45. endocrine and exocrine glands: glandular epithelium can have these two gland types
46. endocrine glands: glands that enter interstitial fluid and then diffuse the bloodstream without flowing through the duct;
found in the pituitary gland, pineal gland, etc.; regulate metabolic and physiological activities
47. exocrine glands: glands that secrete onto the surface of covering and lining epithelium, such as the skin; sweat, oil, and
cerumen glands; produce substances such as sweat to lower body temperature
48. structural classification of glandular epithelium: unicellular and multicellular
49. unicellular: single cells (example: goblet cells)
50. multicellular: composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure (sweat glands)
51. connective tissue: tissue that consists of cells and extracellular matrix; no free surfaces; highly vascularized with nerve
supply (exceptions include tendons and cartilage)
52. extracellualr matrix (ECM): located between the spaces of connective tissue cells; composed of fibers and ground
substance
53. connective tissue fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular
54. classifications of connective tissue: loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood
55. membranes: flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body
56. 2 types of membranes: epithelial and synovial
57. types of epithelial membrane: mucous, serous, cutaneous
58. integumentary system components: skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors
59. integumentary system functions: helps the body maintain its temperature, production of vitamin
D, provides sensory information, helps maintain homeostasis
60. 2 major layers in skin: epidermis and dermis
