REME ROSE J. FELIZARDO
BSN 3-3
NCM 117
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
➢ Efficacy refers to the maximal therapeutic effect that a drug can achieve.
➢ Potency describes the amount of the drug needed to achieve that maximum effect; low-potency
drugs require higher dosages to achieve efficacy, while high-potency drugs achieve efficacy at
lower dosages.
➢ Half-life is the time it takes for half of the drug to be removed from the bloodstream.
➢ OFF- label use means the drug is effective for a disease that is different from its FDA approved
use.
➢ Black box warning is issued for drugs with serious side effects
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
➢ chemical substances manufactured in the neuron that aid in transmission of information
➢ NEUROTRANSMISSION: process of sending electrochemical messages from neuron to neuron
➢ EXCITATORY: either excite or STIMULATE an action
➢ INHIBITORY: inhibit or STOP an action
CHOLINERGICS MONOAMINES(HiNDS) AMINO ACIDS (3 G’s) NEUROPEPTIDES
Acetylcholine Histamine GABA Enkephalins
Norepinephrine Glycerine Substance P
Dopamine Glutamate Somatostatins
Serotonin
EXCITATORY INHIBITORY
GA – Glutamate & Aspartate GABA
Norepinephrine Acetylcholine
Dopamine Serotonin
Acetylcholine
THINK: I feel EXCITED to see pretty (GANDA) girlies!! THINK: GAS INHIBITS me from breathing!!
SEROTONIN GLUTAMATE NOREPINEPHRINE GABA (Get A Break ACETHYCHOLINE
S= Sleep L= Learning N= No hesitation ^bp ^ Always) A - Alertness
E= Erection/ (memory hr G= Grounding (keeps (attention)
Eating formation) O= On alert the brain calm) C - Concentration
(appetite) U= Understanding R =Recall is good A= Anxiety-reducing (learning/ memory)
R= Remember (cognition) (relaxes the mind) E - Energy (muscle
(Good memory) E=Excitement B= Balance (balances activation/ movement)
(main excitatory excitatory signals)
neurotransmitter) A= Learning (memory
formation)
DOPAMINE ENDORPHINS EPINEPHRINE HISTAMINE
D=Driven (END your pain, E=Energy H= Hyper (alertness)
(Determination Feel High) P=Panic (fight/ flight) I= Immune (immune
for a reward) ENDorphin= End I=Immediate (quick system regulation)
0=Obsession pain (natural pain response) A=Awake (sleep-wake
(addiction) killer) C=Charge (increase HR) cycle)
P=Playful Feel High=
(pleasure, Euphoria,
enjoyment) Pleasure
E=Energetic
1
, REME ROSE J. FELIZARDO
BSN 3-3
NCM 117
DOPAMINE (pleasure) NOREPINEPHRINE (concentration)
➢ Synthesized from TYROSINE AND EPINEPHRINE (fight/flight)
➢ Produced in SUBSTANCIA NIGRA ➢ Also known as NORADRENALINE
➢ High levels are implicated in and ADRENALINE
schizophrenia and low levels in ➢ catecholamines
Parkinson’s ➢ Produced in adrenal medulla
➢ High levels are implicated in mania and
❖ Schizophrenia= low levels in Depression
❖ Parkinson’s Disease= ❖ Mania=
THINK: MMECP ❖ Depression=
M- Movement= decrease dopamine causes THINK: SEALF
Parkinson’s S- SNS response (everything is UP except GU
M- Motivation and GI)
E- Emotion: feelings of reward= Euphoria E- Energy
(Schizophrenia) A-Attentiveness
C- Cognition (thought process) L- Learning
P- Perception (Senses)= increase dopamine F- Fight/Flight
causes hallucination
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
SEROTONIN (mood) (calming)
➢ Derived from TRYPTOPHAN ➢ Found to modulate other
➢ HAPPY HORMONE neurotransmitters rather than providing
➢ 95%= produced in guts (this is why full direct stimulus
tummy means happy me); 5% produced ➢ Relaxes neurons
in brain ➢ Decreases neuronal activity
➢ Plays an important role in anxiety, mood ❖ Anxiety=
d/o and schizophrenia. Also implicated in
hallucinations, delusions seen in ACETYLCHOLINE (learning)
schizophrenia ➢ Synthesized from dietary choline
➢ High levels are implicated in mania and ➢ Decreased Alzheimer’s disease
low levels in Depression THINK: ACE
❖ Mania= A- Alertness (attention)
❖ Depression= C- Concentration (learning/ memory)
THINK: PHEASS E- Energy (muscle activation/ movement)
P- Pain control (particularly emotional pain) ❖ Alzheimer’s=
H- Happy Hormone ❖ Huntington’s=
E- Emotion
A- Appetite HISTAMINE
S- Sleep and Wakefulness ➢ Involved in peripheral allergic response,
S- Sexual Behaviour gastric secretions, cardiac stimulation
and alertness
NOTE: Decrease serotonin causes decreased sex ➢ Psychotropic Drugs= Block histamine
drive and appetite, low mood and insomnia/
hypersomnia (>10 hrs of sleep) for patients with ENDORPHINE
depression. On the other hand, manic patients ➢ Natural PAIN KILLER
have high level of energy and always need on the ➢ Released during exercise
go food (food that they can literally bring
anywhere because they tend to run around a lot). GLUTAMATE
➢ Main excitatory neurotransmitter
➢ Most abundant neurotransmitter in the
brain
2
BSN 3-3
NCM 117
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
➢ Efficacy refers to the maximal therapeutic effect that a drug can achieve.
➢ Potency describes the amount of the drug needed to achieve that maximum effect; low-potency
drugs require higher dosages to achieve efficacy, while high-potency drugs achieve efficacy at
lower dosages.
➢ Half-life is the time it takes for half of the drug to be removed from the bloodstream.
➢ OFF- label use means the drug is effective for a disease that is different from its FDA approved
use.
➢ Black box warning is issued for drugs with serious side effects
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
➢ chemical substances manufactured in the neuron that aid in transmission of information
➢ NEUROTRANSMISSION: process of sending electrochemical messages from neuron to neuron
➢ EXCITATORY: either excite or STIMULATE an action
➢ INHIBITORY: inhibit or STOP an action
CHOLINERGICS MONOAMINES(HiNDS) AMINO ACIDS (3 G’s) NEUROPEPTIDES
Acetylcholine Histamine GABA Enkephalins
Norepinephrine Glycerine Substance P
Dopamine Glutamate Somatostatins
Serotonin
EXCITATORY INHIBITORY
GA – Glutamate & Aspartate GABA
Norepinephrine Acetylcholine
Dopamine Serotonin
Acetylcholine
THINK: I feel EXCITED to see pretty (GANDA) girlies!! THINK: GAS INHIBITS me from breathing!!
SEROTONIN GLUTAMATE NOREPINEPHRINE GABA (Get A Break ACETHYCHOLINE
S= Sleep L= Learning N= No hesitation ^bp ^ Always) A - Alertness
E= Erection/ (memory hr G= Grounding (keeps (attention)
Eating formation) O= On alert the brain calm) C - Concentration
(appetite) U= Understanding R =Recall is good A= Anxiety-reducing (learning/ memory)
R= Remember (cognition) (relaxes the mind) E - Energy (muscle
(Good memory) E=Excitement B= Balance (balances activation/ movement)
(main excitatory excitatory signals)
neurotransmitter) A= Learning (memory
formation)
DOPAMINE ENDORPHINS EPINEPHRINE HISTAMINE
D=Driven (END your pain, E=Energy H= Hyper (alertness)
(Determination Feel High) P=Panic (fight/ flight) I= Immune (immune
for a reward) ENDorphin= End I=Immediate (quick system regulation)
0=Obsession pain (natural pain response) A=Awake (sleep-wake
(addiction) killer) C=Charge (increase HR) cycle)
P=Playful Feel High=
(pleasure, Euphoria,
enjoyment) Pleasure
E=Energetic
1
, REME ROSE J. FELIZARDO
BSN 3-3
NCM 117
DOPAMINE (pleasure) NOREPINEPHRINE (concentration)
➢ Synthesized from TYROSINE AND EPINEPHRINE (fight/flight)
➢ Produced in SUBSTANCIA NIGRA ➢ Also known as NORADRENALINE
➢ High levels are implicated in and ADRENALINE
schizophrenia and low levels in ➢ catecholamines
Parkinson’s ➢ Produced in adrenal medulla
➢ High levels are implicated in mania and
❖ Schizophrenia= low levels in Depression
❖ Parkinson’s Disease= ❖ Mania=
THINK: MMECP ❖ Depression=
M- Movement= decrease dopamine causes THINK: SEALF
Parkinson’s S- SNS response (everything is UP except GU
M- Motivation and GI)
E- Emotion: feelings of reward= Euphoria E- Energy
(Schizophrenia) A-Attentiveness
C- Cognition (thought process) L- Learning
P- Perception (Senses)= increase dopamine F- Fight/Flight
causes hallucination
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
SEROTONIN (mood) (calming)
➢ Derived from TRYPTOPHAN ➢ Found to modulate other
➢ HAPPY HORMONE neurotransmitters rather than providing
➢ 95%= produced in guts (this is why full direct stimulus
tummy means happy me); 5% produced ➢ Relaxes neurons
in brain ➢ Decreases neuronal activity
➢ Plays an important role in anxiety, mood ❖ Anxiety=
d/o and schizophrenia. Also implicated in
hallucinations, delusions seen in ACETYLCHOLINE (learning)
schizophrenia ➢ Synthesized from dietary choline
➢ High levels are implicated in mania and ➢ Decreased Alzheimer’s disease
low levels in Depression THINK: ACE
❖ Mania= A- Alertness (attention)
❖ Depression= C- Concentration (learning/ memory)
THINK: PHEASS E- Energy (muscle activation/ movement)
P- Pain control (particularly emotional pain) ❖ Alzheimer’s=
H- Happy Hormone ❖ Huntington’s=
E- Emotion
A- Appetite HISTAMINE
S- Sleep and Wakefulness ➢ Involved in peripheral allergic response,
S- Sexual Behaviour gastric secretions, cardiac stimulation
and alertness
NOTE: Decrease serotonin causes decreased sex ➢ Psychotropic Drugs= Block histamine
drive and appetite, low mood and insomnia/
hypersomnia (>10 hrs of sleep) for patients with ENDORPHINE
depression. On the other hand, manic patients ➢ Natural PAIN KILLER
have high level of energy and always need on the ➢ Released during exercise
go food (food that they can literally bring
anywhere because they tend to run around a lot). GLUTAMATE
➢ Main excitatory neurotransmitter
➢ Most abundant neurotransmitter in the
brain
2
