LOUISIANA POST STUDYGUIDE EXAM (2026) QUESTIONS || || || || || ||
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS || ||
probable cause - ✔✔more than bare suspicion. it exist when the facts and circumstances within
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the officers knowledge and of which they had reasonable trustworthy information are sufficient in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
themselves
reasonable suspicion - ✔✔less demanding standard than probable cause not only in the same
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
sense that reasonable suspicion can be established with information that is different in quantity
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and content that is required to establish probable cause. reasonable suspicion can arise from
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
information that is less reliable than that required to show probable cause. || || || || || || || || || || ||
Alabama V. White - ✔✔established Reasonable Suspicion || || || || || ||
Man of reasonable caution - ✔✔the average man of the street, who under the same circumstances,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
would believe that the person being arrested had committed the offense or that the items to be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
seized would be found in a specific place
|| || || || || || ||
Illinois V. Gates - ✔✔established Totality of circumstances ( the test that if a neutral and detached
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
magistrate determines that, based on informants information and all other available facts, there is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
probable cause to believe that an arrest or search is justified.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
probable cause - ✔✔the level of certainty needed in order for a police officer to make an arrest
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
reasonable suspicion - ✔✔the level of certainty needed in order for a police officer to conduct a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
stop and frisk || ||
Aguilar V. Texas - ✔✔Established a two prong test for determining probable cause on the basis of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
information obtained from an informant :
|| || || || || ||
,1. Reliability of the informant
|| || || ||
2. Reliability of the informants information
|| || || || ||
Spinelli V. United States 1969 - ✔✔established an officer may use credible hearsay to establish
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
probable cause, but an affidavit based on an informants tip must satisfy the two-pronged Aguilar
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Test
Illinois V. Gates - ✔✔established that totality of the circumstance replaced "separate and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
independent" as the standard of probable cause in the Aguilar test. || || || || || || || || || ||
Draper V. U.S. 1959 - ✔✔established that information from an informant plus corroboration
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
satisfied Probable Cause || ||
New York Vs. Quarless - ✔✔established the public safety doctrine and affirmed reasonable
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
suspicion for the detention of a person matching the description of a suspect located nearby the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
scene of the crime within minutes of it
|| || || || || || ||
Hayes V. Florida - ✔✔Reasonable suspicion alone does not permit the police to transport a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
suspect to the police station to obtain fingerprints. Probable Cause or judicial authorization is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
required
Minnesota V. Dickerson - ✔✔Established the "plain feel" doctrine that states that when police
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
officers conduct Terry-type searches for weapons, they are free to seize items detected through
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
their sense of touch, as long as the plain feel makes it "immediately apparent" that the item is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
contraband. If an item seized through a search is not "immediately apparent," then it can be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
suppressed in court. || ||
Dual Sovereignty - ✔✔the federal government and the states are separately sovereign. So, the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Federal government may prosecute offenders separately for crimes committed within their
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
jurisdiction.
jurisdiction - ✔✔the power of a court to try a case || || || || || || || || || ||
, venue - ✔✔The geographic district in which a legal action is tried and from which the jury is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
selected.
appellate review - ✔✔review of the results of a trial by a higher court
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
appellate court - ✔✔A court having jurisdiction to review cases and issues that were originally
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
tried in lower courts.
|| || ||
affirmation - ✔✔where the reviewing court agrees with the result of the lower court's ruling
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
reversal - ✔✔where the court disagrees with the results of the lower court's ruling
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
reverse and remand decision - ✔✔where the reviewing court disagrees with the verdict and sends
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the case back to the lower court for them to change their position
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Direct Appeal - ✔✔an automatic appeal given to anyone sentenced to death. the appeal is made to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the highest court in the state for review
|| || || || || || || ||
Stare decisis - ✔✔A Latin phrase meaning "to stand by decided cases" established that Judges are
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
obliged to respect the precedent established by prior decisions.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Judicial precedent - ✔✔established that decisions of courts have value as precedent for future
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
similar cases ||
first amendment - ✔✔Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
grievances.
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS || ||
probable cause - ✔✔more than bare suspicion. it exist when the facts and circumstances within
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the officers knowledge and of which they had reasonable trustworthy information are sufficient in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
themselves
reasonable suspicion - ✔✔less demanding standard than probable cause not only in the same
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
sense that reasonable suspicion can be established with information that is different in quantity
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and content that is required to establish probable cause. reasonable suspicion can arise from
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
information that is less reliable than that required to show probable cause. || || || || || || || || || || ||
Alabama V. White - ✔✔established Reasonable Suspicion || || || || || ||
Man of reasonable caution - ✔✔the average man of the street, who under the same circumstances,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
would believe that the person being arrested had committed the offense or that the items to be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
seized would be found in a specific place
|| || || || || || ||
Illinois V. Gates - ✔✔established Totality of circumstances ( the test that if a neutral and detached
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
magistrate determines that, based on informants information and all other available facts, there is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
probable cause to believe that an arrest or search is justified.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
probable cause - ✔✔the level of certainty needed in order for a police officer to make an arrest
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
reasonable suspicion - ✔✔the level of certainty needed in order for a police officer to conduct a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
stop and frisk || ||
Aguilar V. Texas - ✔✔Established a two prong test for determining probable cause on the basis of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
information obtained from an informant :
|| || || || || ||
,1. Reliability of the informant
|| || || ||
2. Reliability of the informants information
|| || || || ||
Spinelli V. United States 1969 - ✔✔established an officer may use credible hearsay to establish
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
probable cause, but an affidavit based on an informants tip must satisfy the two-pronged Aguilar
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Test
Illinois V. Gates - ✔✔established that totality of the circumstance replaced "separate and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
independent" as the standard of probable cause in the Aguilar test. || || || || || || || || || ||
Draper V. U.S. 1959 - ✔✔established that information from an informant plus corroboration
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
satisfied Probable Cause || ||
New York Vs. Quarless - ✔✔established the public safety doctrine and affirmed reasonable
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
suspicion for the detention of a person matching the description of a suspect located nearby the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
scene of the crime within minutes of it
|| || || || || || ||
Hayes V. Florida - ✔✔Reasonable suspicion alone does not permit the police to transport a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
suspect to the police station to obtain fingerprints. Probable Cause or judicial authorization is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
required
Minnesota V. Dickerson - ✔✔Established the "plain feel" doctrine that states that when police
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
officers conduct Terry-type searches for weapons, they are free to seize items detected through
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
their sense of touch, as long as the plain feel makes it "immediately apparent" that the item is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
contraband. If an item seized through a search is not "immediately apparent," then it can be
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
suppressed in court. || ||
Dual Sovereignty - ✔✔the federal government and the states are separately sovereign. So, the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Federal government may prosecute offenders separately for crimes committed within their
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
jurisdiction.
jurisdiction - ✔✔the power of a court to try a case || || || || || || || || || ||
, venue - ✔✔The geographic district in which a legal action is tried and from which the jury is
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
selected.
appellate review - ✔✔review of the results of a trial by a higher court
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
appellate court - ✔✔A court having jurisdiction to review cases and issues that were originally
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
tried in lower courts.
|| || ||
affirmation - ✔✔where the reviewing court agrees with the result of the lower court's ruling
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
reversal - ✔✔where the court disagrees with the results of the lower court's ruling
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
reverse and remand decision - ✔✔where the reviewing court disagrees with the verdict and sends
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the case back to the lower court for them to change their position
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Direct Appeal - ✔✔an automatic appeal given to anyone sentenced to death. the appeal is made to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the highest court in the state for review
|| || || || || || || ||
Stare decisis - ✔✔A Latin phrase meaning "to stand by decided cases" established that Judges are
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
obliged to respect the precedent established by prior decisions.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Judicial precedent - ✔✔established that decisions of courts have value as precedent for future
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
similar cases ||
first amendment - ✔✔Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
grievances.
