The amount of time it takes for one molecule of water to travel through the
Detention Time
volume of interest
1 ft of water = ____ psi 0.43 psi
100 ft of water = ____ psi? 43 psi
Headloss Energy lost during the movement of water through a conveying system
A measure of the roughness of the inside of the pipeline
C value
A low c value indicates a rougher pipe (more headloss)
A high c value indicates a smoother pipe
Static Pressure The pressure measured when there is no water moving in a pipe
The grade that would be created by connecting the levels from several
piezometers along a pipeline
Hydraulic Gradeline
Loss in pressure as water travels through pipes results in a downward trendin
gradeline
pH less than 7 in acidic, pH more than 7 is basic
pH
Acidic solutions have more H+ ions, basic solutions have more OH- ions
, - carbon dioxide
- chlorine gas
- acetic acid
Things that will increase pH
- sulfuric acid
- fluorosilic acid
- aluminum sulfate (alum)
- aeration (removing gasses)
Things that will decrease pH - carbonates (sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate)
- hydroxides (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide)
Water's ability to resist a change in pH
3 compounds:
Alkalinity
- bicarbonate
- carbonate
- hydroxide
, The sum of all multivalent metals, measured in units of "calcium carbonate
equivalents"
Ex:
- iron
- manganese
Hardness - aluminum
- zinc
- calcium
- magnesium
ND-45 is extremely soft/soft water
Over 300 is too hard for ordinary domestic use
Pros:
- corrosion control (scale forms on pipes and reduces rate of pipe corrosion
Pros and cons of hard water
Cons:
- forms scale which can block up pipes (especially as temp of the water incre
- prevents soap from sudsing up (problem for consumer)
Used to define corrosiveness of water (negative L.I. indicates corrosive wate
Langlier Index
positive L.I. indicates scale will form on pipes
Detention Time
volume of interest
1 ft of water = ____ psi 0.43 psi
100 ft of water = ____ psi? 43 psi
Headloss Energy lost during the movement of water through a conveying system
A measure of the roughness of the inside of the pipeline
C value
A low c value indicates a rougher pipe (more headloss)
A high c value indicates a smoother pipe
Static Pressure The pressure measured when there is no water moving in a pipe
The grade that would be created by connecting the levels from several
piezometers along a pipeline
Hydraulic Gradeline
Loss in pressure as water travels through pipes results in a downward trendin
gradeline
pH less than 7 in acidic, pH more than 7 is basic
pH
Acidic solutions have more H+ ions, basic solutions have more OH- ions
, - carbon dioxide
- chlorine gas
- acetic acid
Things that will increase pH
- sulfuric acid
- fluorosilic acid
- aluminum sulfate (alum)
- aeration (removing gasses)
Things that will decrease pH - carbonates (sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate)
- hydroxides (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide)
Water's ability to resist a change in pH
3 compounds:
Alkalinity
- bicarbonate
- carbonate
- hydroxide
, The sum of all multivalent metals, measured in units of "calcium carbonate
equivalents"
Ex:
- iron
- manganese
Hardness - aluminum
- zinc
- calcium
- magnesium
ND-45 is extremely soft/soft water
Over 300 is too hard for ordinary domestic use
Pros:
- corrosion control (scale forms on pipes and reduces rate of pipe corrosion
Pros and cons of hard water
Cons:
- forms scale which can block up pipes (especially as temp of the water incre
- prevents soap from sudsing up (problem for consumer)
Used to define corrosiveness of water (negative L.I. indicates corrosive wate
Langlier Index
positive L.I. indicates scale will form on pipes
