NURS 5338 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔How are the TCA and ETC related? - ✔✔The end products of the Kreb's (TCA)
cycle are used to fuel the electron transport chain. In other words, as the Kreb's cycle
(TCA) produces an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), it fuels
the ETC. As the electrons are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron
acceptors a proton motor force is generated, ATP synthase is activated and up to 34
molecules of ATP can be produced.
✔✔Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista are all classification under what type of
organism?
A. Bacteria
B. Eukarya
C. Archaea
D. Virus - ✔✔B
✔✔Define catabolism. - ✔✔Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger
molecules into useful energy sources
✔✔Upon cellular injury, which metabolic process is involved during the growth and
repair phases ofthe cell? - ✔✔The anabolic process would be active as it (by definition)
is involved in the building up of small complexes into larger complexes.
✔✔In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways used to process
alternative sugar sources (fructose or lactose)? - ✔✔No. Additional enzymatic steps are
simply required at the beginning of catabolism to convert complex sugars into the
usable forms of either glucose or a glucose intermediate (glucose-6-phosphate).
✔✔A defining characteristic of fungi is the presence of chitin in the cell walls. Which of
following also contain chitin?
A. Mushrooms
B. Bacteria
C. Yeast
D. Molds - ✔✔A, C, D
✔✔Describe the symptoms and treatment regimen for someone infected with
Clostridium perfringens - ✔✔Clostridium perfringens (also known as Gas gangrene)
presents with muscle necrosis, swelling of infected areas, fever and intense gas
production. Treatment entails removal of all infected tissue, often resulting in amputation
of the affected areas, in conjunction with heavy antibiotic therapies.
✔✔Proteases are used to catabolize what? - ✔✔Proteases are used to breakdown
proteins (whereas lipases are used to breakdown lipids).
,✔✔Define an essential amino acid. - ✔✔An essential amino acid cannot be produced
by the human body and as such must be take in from the environment through
alternative sources (i.e) food.
✔✔Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is highest in
energy? - ✔✔Polysaccharides, proteins and lipids can all serve as potential energy
sources in the absence of sugar. Lipids are rich in energy, often having several reduced
carbon molecules (high in hydrogen content) that can be used in both the TCA and ETC
cycles.
✔✔In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? - ✔✔Photosynthesis, the
process of capturing sunlight and converting it into usable energy source, occurs in the
chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are double-membrane enclosed organelles. Each chloroplast
contains the green photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
✔✔Cell walls are found in which of the following (select all that apply):
A. Plants
B. Fungi
C. Bacteria
D. Mammalian cells
E. Algae - ✔✔A, B, C, E
✔✔What are the byproducts of light reactions used for in dark reactions? - ✔✔The ATP
and NADPH produced via light reactions are used in dark reactions to convert carbon
dioxide and water into organic carbon compounds as well as useful carbohydrates (a
process called carbon fixation).
✔✔True or False: Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in
living organisms in order to maintain life - ✔✔True
✔✔Why does the alpha toxin (perfringolysin) produced during an infection of gas
gangrene cause cell death? - ✔✔The toxin perforates the membrane. It forms pores in
the plasma membrane of host cells
resulting in uncontrolled ion fluxes and eventually cell lysis and death
✔✔Complete the following chemical reaction by placing the appropriate number in the
blanks:__CO2 + __ATP + __NADPH + __H20 →C6H12O6 + __ADP + __NADP+ -
✔✔6, 18, 12, 12, 18, 12
✔✔True or False: Enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions -
✔✔False.
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions.
,✔✔The ______ surrounds the capsid of some viruses. - ✔✔envelope
✔✔Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions:A-B → B-A
Ab + C → A + Cb - ✔✔Isomerases
Transferases
✔✔What determines the specificity of an enzyme? - ✔✔The specificity of an enzyme is
heavily influenced by its active site—a unique chemical structure bound only by select
target molecules. The structure is influenced by the amino acid composition of the
protein as this in turn influences the fold, shape and 'appearance' of the enzyme. The
active site (and it's target protein) can be thought of as a lock-and-key relationship. The
active site provides a specificity (like a lock) that only specific target proteins can bind—
much like how only a specific key will fit into, unlock and 'activate' a lock.
✔✔True or False: As movement requires energy, metabolism can be defined as a
controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in only motile organisms in order to
maintain life. - ✔✔False, Metabolism occurs in all living organisms, not just those that
move.
✔✔What are usually metal ions known to assists enzyme during the catalysis reaction?
- ✔✔Cofactors are usually metal ions and assist enzyme during the catalysis reaction.
✔✔Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP. - ✔✔ATP has
the energy (phosphate group) to donate while ADP can accept energy in the form of a
phosphate group. Thus, ATP can be reduced (ATP ⟶⟶ADP + Pi) while ADP can be
built into ATP (ADP + Pi ⟶⟶ATP).
✔✔Define anabolism - ✔✔Anabolism is the process of building up or biosynthesis
of macromolecules from small molecular units into much larger complexes
✔✔True or False. You would expect to see a viral envelope on a virus infecting a plant
cell - ✔✔False. The overwhelming majority of animal viruses are enveloped whereas
the majority of plant or bacteria-infecting viruses are not.
✔✔From what source do chemotrophs acquire energy? - ✔✔Chemotrophs acquire
energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment.
✔✔An organism that obtains its source of carbon from inorganic molecules such as
carbon dioxide is referred to as a ____________? - ✔✔Autotroph
✔✔In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be
active? - ✔✔Catabolism would be active as proteins are made up of amino acids.
Therefore the
process described (proteins into amino acids) is the breakdown, or catabolism of protein
, ✔✔A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation process?
A) Photophosphorylation
B) Substrate-level phosphorylation
C) Oxidative phosphorylation - ✔✔Substrate-level phosphorylation, The chemical
compound losing the phosphate group is referred to as the phosphorylated reactive
intermediate.
✔✔An organism that derives its energy (generates ATP) from photons of light is called
a? - ✔✔Phototrophic microorganism
✔✔Rank the following viruses based on their size from largest to
smallest: Orthomyxovirus
Poliovirus
Variolavirus - ✔✔Variolavirus (~200nm) > Orthomyxovirus (100-150nm) > Poliovirus
(~30nm)
✔✔The catabolism of a single molecule of glucose goes through what 3 distinct
transitions? - ✔✔The breakdown of glucose goes through (1) Glycolysis then (2)
Fermentation or Respiration and finally through (3) the electron transport chain (ETC).
✔✔An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemental sulfur
would
be classified as a ? - ✔✔Lithotroph
✔✔While traveling abroad, should you be worried about coming into contact with
either the Variola major or Variola minor viruses? - ✔✔No. Both viruses are variants of
smallpox and were eradicated in 1977. You would not need to
worry about coming into contact with the virus
✔✔Define the measurements micrometer and nanometer. - ✔✔A micrometer (µm) is
defined as being one-millionth of a meter and is commonly designated at 10-6 meters. A
nanometer (nm) equals 10-9 m or one-billionth of a meter.
✔✔What is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose? - ✔✔The electron
transport chain yields 34 ATP while both glycolysis and fermentation (or respiration)
each yield only 2 ATP.
✔✔Identify the reactants of the following chemical equation:
Glucose + 2NAD+ → 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP - ✔✔The reactants are to the left of
the arrow: Glucose and 2NAD+
✔✔What are the two critical factors that influence your ability to see an object? -
✔✔Resolution and contrast. Resolution refers to the distance between two objects at
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔How are the TCA and ETC related? - ✔✔The end products of the Kreb's (TCA)
cycle are used to fuel the electron transport chain. In other words, as the Kreb's cycle
(TCA) produces an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), it fuels
the ETC. As the electrons are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron
acceptors a proton motor force is generated, ATP synthase is activated and up to 34
molecules of ATP can be produced.
✔✔Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista are all classification under what type of
organism?
A. Bacteria
B. Eukarya
C. Archaea
D. Virus - ✔✔B
✔✔Define catabolism. - ✔✔Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger
molecules into useful energy sources
✔✔Upon cellular injury, which metabolic process is involved during the growth and
repair phases ofthe cell? - ✔✔The anabolic process would be active as it (by definition)
is involved in the building up of small complexes into larger complexes.
✔✔In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways used to process
alternative sugar sources (fructose or lactose)? - ✔✔No. Additional enzymatic steps are
simply required at the beginning of catabolism to convert complex sugars into the
usable forms of either glucose or a glucose intermediate (glucose-6-phosphate).
✔✔A defining characteristic of fungi is the presence of chitin in the cell walls. Which of
following also contain chitin?
A. Mushrooms
B. Bacteria
C. Yeast
D. Molds - ✔✔A, C, D
✔✔Describe the symptoms and treatment regimen for someone infected with
Clostridium perfringens - ✔✔Clostridium perfringens (also known as Gas gangrene)
presents with muscle necrosis, swelling of infected areas, fever and intense gas
production. Treatment entails removal of all infected tissue, often resulting in amputation
of the affected areas, in conjunction with heavy antibiotic therapies.
✔✔Proteases are used to catabolize what? - ✔✔Proteases are used to breakdown
proteins (whereas lipases are used to breakdown lipids).
,✔✔Define an essential amino acid. - ✔✔An essential amino acid cannot be produced
by the human body and as such must be take in from the environment through
alternative sources (i.e) food.
✔✔Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is highest in
energy? - ✔✔Polysaccharides, proteins and lipids can all serve as potential energy
sources in the absence of sugar. Lipids are rich in energy, often having several reduced
carbon molecules (high in hydrogen content) that can be used in both the TCA and ETC
cycles.
✔✔In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? - ✔✔Photosynthesis, the
process of capturing sunlight and converting it into usable energy source, occurs in the
chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are double-membrane enclosed organelles. Each chloroplast
contains the green photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
✔✔Cell walls are found in which of the following (select all that apply):
A. Plants
B. Fungi
C. Bacteria
D. Mammalian cells
E. Algae - ✔✔A, B, C, E
✔✔What are the byproducts of light reactions used for in dark reactions? - ✔✔The ATP
and NADPH produced via light reactions are used in dark reactions to convert carbon
dioxide and water into organic carbon compounds as well as useful carbohydrates (a
process called carbon fixation).
✔✔True or False: Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in
living organisms in order to maintain life - ✔✔True
✔✔Why does the alpha toxin (perfringolysin) produced during an infection of gas
gangrene cause cell death? - ✔✔The toxin perforates the membrane. It forms pores in
the plasma membrane of host cells
resulting in uncontrolled ion fluxes and eventually cell lysis and death
✔✔Complete the following chemical reaction by placing the appropriate number in the
blanks:__CO2 + __ATP + __NADPH + __H20 →C6H12O6 + __ADP + __NADP+ -
✔✔6, 18, 12, 12, 18, 12
✔✔True or False: Enzymes are polysaccharides that catalyze chemical reactions -
✔✔False.
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions.
,✔✔The ______ surrounds the capsid of some viruses. - ✔✔envelope
✔✔Identify the enzyme associated with the following enzymatic reactions:A-B → B-A
Ab + C → A + Cb - ✔✔Isomerases
Transferases
✔✔What determines the specificity of an enzyme? - ✔✔The specificity of an enzyme is
heavily influenced by its active site—a unique chemical structure bound only by select
target molecules. The structure is influenced by the amino acid composition of the
protein as this in turn influences the fold, shape and 'appearance' of the enzyme. The
active site (and it's target protein) can be thought of as a lock-and-key relationship. The
active site provides a specificity (like a lock) that only specific target proteins can bind—
much like how only a specific key will fit into, unlock and 'activate' a lock.
✔✔True or False: As movement requires energy, metabolism can be defined as a
controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in only motile organisms in order to
maintain life. - ✔✔False, Metabolism occurs in all living organisms, not just those that
move.
✔✔What are usually metal ions known to assists enzyme during the catalysis reaction?
- ✔✔Cofactors are usually metal ions and assist enzyme during the catalysis reaction.
✔✔Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP. - ✔✔ATP has
the energy (phosphate group) to donate while ADP can accept energy in the form of a
phosphate group. Thus, ATP can be reduced (ATP ⟶⟶ADP + Pi) while ADP can be
built into ATP (ADP + Pi ⟶⟶ATP).
✔✔Define anabolism - ✔✔Anabolism is the process of building up or biosynthesis
of macromolecules from small molecular units into much larger complexes
✔✔True or False. You would expect to see a viral envelope on a virus infecting a plant
cell - ✔✔False. The overwhelming majority of animal viruses are enveloped whereas
the majority of plant or bacteria-infecting viruses are not.
✔✔From what source do chemotrophs acquire energy? - ✔✔Chemotrophs acquire
energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment.
✔✔An organism that obtains its source of carbon from inorganic molecules such as
carbon dioxide is referred to as a ____________? - ✔✔Autotroph
✔✔In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be
active? - ✔✔Catabolism would be active as proteins are made up of amino acids.
Therefore the
process described (proteins into amino acids) is the breakdown, or catabolism of protein
, ✔✔A reactive intermediate would be present in which phosphorylation process?
A) Photophosphorylation
B) Substrate-level phosphorylation
C) Oxidative phosphorylation - ✔✔Substrate-level phosphorylation, The chemical
compound losing the phosphate group is referred to as the phosphorylated reactive
intermediate.
✔✔An organism that derives its energy (generates ATP) from photons of light is called
a? - ✔✔Phototrophic microorganism
✔✔Rank the following viruses based on their size from largest to
smallest: Orthomyxovirus
Poliovirus
Variolavirus - ✔✔Variolavirus (~200nm) > Orthomyxovirus (100-150nm) > Poliovirus
(~30nm)
✔✔The catabolism of a single molecule of glucose goes through what 3 distinct
transitions? - ✔✔The breakdown of glucose goes through (1) Glycolysis then (2)
Fermentation or Respiration and finally through (3) the electron transport chain (ETC).
✔✔An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemental sulfur
would
be classified as a ? - ✔✔Lithotroph
✔✔While traveling abroad, should you be worried about coming into contact with
either the Variola major or Variola minor viruses? - ✔✔No. Both viruses are variants of
smallpox and were eradicated in 1977. You would not need to
worry about coming into contact with the virus
✔✔Define the measurements micrometer and nanometer. - ✔✔A micrometer (µm) is
defined as being one-millionth of a meter and is commonly designated at 10-6 meters. A
nanometer (nm) equals 10-9 m or one-billionth of a meter.
✔✔What is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose? - ✔✔The electron
transport chain yields 34 ATP while both glycolysis and fermentation (or respiration)
each yield only 2 ATP.
✔✔Identify the reactants of the following chemical equation:
Glucose + 2NAD+ → 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP - ✔✔The reactants are to the left of
the arrow: Glucose and 2NAD+
✔✔What are the two critical factors that influence your ability to see an object? -
✔✔Resolution and contrast. Resolution refers to the distance between two objects at
