AP Euro Exam Questions and Verified Answers/Accurate Solutions| Already Graded A+
Congress of Berlin, 1878 A meeting of the Great Powers of Europe and the Ottoman Empire,
in order to reorganize the countries of the Balkans and settle the disputes over them. At the
Congress, Germany, Austria and Britain forced Russia to give up the Treaty of San Stefano and
sign the Treaty of Berlin, which split Bulgaria into three parts, and brought Bosnia and
Herzegovina under Austrian military occupation, and essentially negated Russia's victory over
the Ottoman empire in the Russo-Turkish War, angering Russia.
Honest Broker" During the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Bismarck agreed to act as an "Honest
Broker" (a neutral party) in order to balance the interests of Russia, Britain and Austria-Hungary
in the division of the Balkan countries.
Three Emperors' League In 1873, an alliance between the rulers of Germany, Russia and
Austria-Hungary. It was an alliance of fellow autocratic rulers against radical movements within
their countries. Germany was also trying to prevent conflict between the other two nations,
and isolate France in the process.
Triple Alliance An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, lasting from 1882
to 1918. It was an expansion of the Austrian-German Alliance formed in 1879. Italy joined due
to tensions with France. The three countries agreed support if any of them were attacked by
France or Russia.
Reinsurance Treaty Also known as the Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, it lasted from
1887 to 1890. when Russia declined to renew the Alliance of the Three Emperors in 1887,
Bismarck substituted the reinsurance treaty, in which both states promised neutrality if the
other was attacked.
Entente Cordiale 1904, a "friendly understanding" between France and England after the
formation of the Triple Alliance, the goal of which was to encourage cooperation against the
perceived threat of Germany.
Algeciras Conference a meeting of European powers held in Algeciras, Spain, in 1906 to
settle a Franco-German dispute over Morocco (Germany had been left out of a previous trade
,agreemnent in the area and hoped to weaken French power and the Anglo-French Entente
through the conference.) However, the Conference instead drove Britain and France closer
together, as well as opening Moroccan trade to all nations.
Young Turks Idealistic Turkish exiles in Europe and young army officers in Istanbul, fervent
patriots who seized power in the Turkish Revolution of 1908, and forced the sultan to
implement reforms, preparing the way for the birth of a modern secular Turkey after the
collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
Serbia gained independence from the Turks in1878, and established a monarchy in 1882. It
lead the way in Eastern European nationalist movements in the early twentieth century,
angering Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, and looking to Russia for alliance. Austria-
Hungarian aggression against Serbia and its neighbors lead to the first and second Balkan Wars.
Implication of Serbian nationalists in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the
backlash from Austria-Hungary is credited with beginning of WWI.
Pan-Slavism A theory and movement intended to promote the cultural or political unity of
all Slavs. It rose with the emergence of nationalism in the nineteenth century, and grew with
the cultural self-identification of Slavs in Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Pan-Slavism
was a factor in the Russian support of Serbia at the beginning of World War I.
Dreadnought A prominent type of 20th century battleship, named after the prominent
British HMS Dreadnought. The building of the dreadnaought influenced and aggravated the
naval arms race between Britain and Germany in the years leading up to WWI, giving rise to the
two largest dreadnought fleets of the pre-War period.
Hague Conferences of 1899 & 1907 The first Hague conferences in 1899 was attended by 26
nations and was charged with charting a course toward disarmament and placing limitations on
the means of conducting warfare. While disputing nations made agreement impossible,
provisions were made to set up a Permanent Court of Arbitration (aka Hague Tribunal), which
would render decisions on international disputes between cooperating nations. During the
second Hague conferences, the United States pushed for the establishment of a world court,
different that the Hague Tribunal. Again, the nations were not able to reach agreement.
However, there was some success in adopting resolutions defining the codes of conduct in
modern warfare, and the continuation of th Hague Tribunal. .
, Triple Entente 1914-1918, an alliance formed between Russia, France and England in
reaction to the Triple Alliance, which threatened France, the growth of the German Navy, which
threatened England, and the growth of the German Army and possibility of Austria-Hungarian
expansion, which threatened Russia. The members agreed to help Serbia if it was attacked by
the members of the Triple Alliance.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Heir to throne of Austria-Hungary, he was assassinated along
with his wife Sophie by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip while he was visiting the Bosnian
capital of Sarajevo on June 28 1914.
Sarajevo The capital of Bosnia, and location of the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand in 1914, during a state visit to the city.
Gavrilo Princip Princip was one of three men sent by Dragutin Dimitrijevic, the chief of the
Intelligence Department in the Serbian Army and head of the Black Hand, to assassinate
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, during his visit to Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. He succeeded in
shooting the Archduke, as well as his wife.
German "blank check" On 6 July 1914 Germany gave Austria-Hungary a guarantee of almost
unconditional support in any war arising from its dealings with Serbia following the
assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. This guaranteeis often referred to as the 'blank check'.
ultimatum After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, Austria-Hungary
wanted to punish Serbia. On July 23 they presented Serbia with an ultimatum, in which Serbia
had 48 hours to cede control of the Serbian state to Austria-Hungary. When Serbia did not,
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28.
Central Powers The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
during World War I, so called because of their central location in Europe. It stemmed from the
Triple Alliance, but changed sides and the Ottoman empire joined. They were the losing side of
the war.
Congress of Berlin, 1878 A meeting of the Great Powers of Europe and the Ottoman Empire,
in order to reorganize the countries of the Balkans and settle the disputes over them. At the
Congress, Germany, Austria and Britain forced Russia to give up the Treaty of San Stefano and
sign the Treaty of Berlin, which split Bulgaria into three parts, and brought Bosnia and
Herzegovina under Austrian military occupation, and essentially negated Russia's victory over
the Ottoman empire in the Russo-Turkish War, angering Russia.
Honest Broker" During the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Bismarck agreed to act as an "Honest
Broker" (a neutral party) in order to balance the interests of Russia, Britain and Austria-Hungary
in the division of the Balkan countries.
Three Emperors' League In 1873, an alliance between the rulers of Germany, Russia and
Austria-Hungary. It was an alliance of fellow autocratic rulers against radical movements within
their countries. Germany was also trying to prevent conflict between the other two nations,
and isolate France in the process.
Triple Alliance An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, lasting from 1882
to 1918. It was an expansion of the Austrian-German Alliance formed in 1879. Italy joined due
to tensions with France. The three countries agreed support if any of them were attacked by
France or Russia.
Reinsurance Treaty Also known as the Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, it lasted from
1887 to 1890. when Russia declined to renew the Alliance of the Three Emperors in 1887,
Bismarck substituted the reinsurance treaty, in which both states promised neutrality if the
other was attacked.
Entente Cordiale 1904, a "friendly understanding" between France and England after the
formation of the Triple Alliance, the goal of which was to encourage cooperation against the
perceived threat of Germany.
Algeciras Conference a meeting of European powers held in Algeciras, Spain, in 1906 to
settle a Franco-German dispute over Morocco (Germany had been left out of a previous trade
,agreemnent in the area and hoped to weaken French power and the Anglo-French Entente
through the conference.) However, the Conference instead drove Britain and France closer
together, as well as opening Moroccan trade to all nations.
Young Turks Idealistic Turkish exiles in Europe and young army officers in Istanbul, fervent
patriots who seized power in the Turkish Revolution of 1908, and forced the sultan to
implement reforms, preparing the way for the birth of a modern secular Turkey after the
collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
Serbia gained independence from the Turks in1878, and established a monarchy in 1882. It
lead the way in Eastern European nationalist movements in the early twentieth century,
angering Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, and looking to Russia for alliance. Austria-
Hungarian aggression against Serbia and its neighbors lead to the first and second Balkan Wars.
Implication of Serbian nationalists in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the
backlash from Austria-Hungary is credited with beginning of WWI.
Pan-Slavism A theory and movement intended to promote the cultural or political unity of
all Slavs. It rose with the emergence of nationalism in the nineteenth century, and grew with
the cultural self-identification of Slavs in Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Pan-Slavism
was a factor in the Russian support of Serbia at the beginning of World War I.
Dreadnought A prominent type of 20th century battleship, named after the prominent
British HMS Dreadnought. The building of the dreadnaought influenced and aggravated the
naval arms race between Britain and Germany in the years leading up to WWI, giving rise to the
two largest dreadnought fleets of the pre-War period.
Hague Conferences of 1899 & 1907 The first Hague conferences in 1899 was attended by 26
nations and was charged with charting a course toward disarmament and placing limitations on
the means of conducting warfare. While disputing nations made agreement impossible,
provisions were made to set up a Permanent Court of Arbitration (aka Hague Tribunal), which
would render decisions on international disputes between cooperating nations. During the
second Hague conferences, the United States pushed for the establishment of a world court,
different that the Hague Tribunal. Again, the nations were not able to reach agreement.
However, there was some success in adopting resolutions defining the codes of conduct in
modern warfare, and the continuation of th Hague Tribunal. .
, Triple Entente 1914-1918, an alliance formed between Russia, France and England in
reaction to the Triple Alliance, which threatened France, the growth of the German Navy, which
threatened England, and the growth of the German Army and possibility of Austria-Hungarian
expansion, which threatened Russia. The members agreed to help Serbia if it was attacked by
the members of the Triple Alliance.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Heir to throne of Austria-Hungary, he was assassinated along
with his wife Sophie by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip while he was visiting the Bosnian
capital of Sarajevo on June 28 1914.
Sarajevo The capital of Bosnia, and location of the assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand in 1914, during a state visit to the city.
Gavrilo Princip Princip was one of three men sent by Dragutin Dimitrijevic, the chief of the
Intelligence Department in the Serbian Army and head of the Black Hand, to assassinate
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, during his visit to Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. He succeeded in
shooting the Archduke, as well as his wife.
German "blank check" On 6 July 1914 Germany gave Austria-Hungary a guarantee of almost
unconditional support in any war arising from its dealings with Serbia following the
assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. This guaranteeis often referred to as the 'blank check'.
ultimatum After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, Austria-Hungary
wanted to punish Serbia. On July 23 they presented Serbia with an ultimatum, in which Serbia
had 48 hours to cede control of the Serbian state to Austria-Hungary. When Serbia did not,
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28.
Central Powers The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
during World War I, so called because of their central location in Europe. It stemmed from the
Triple Alliance, but changed sides and the Ottoman empire joined. They were the losing side of
the war.
