AP Euro Exam Questions and Verified Answers/Accurate Solutions| Already Graded A+
Renaissance A French word meaning "rebirth", used to describe the rebirth of the culture of
classical antiquity in Italy during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries
Patronage Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to
produce specific works or works in specific styles
Communes Sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that
sought political and economic independence from local nobles
Popolo Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from
power
Signori Government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; also refers to these
rulers
Courts Magnificent households and palaces where signori and other rulers lived, conducted
business, and supported the arts
Humanism A program of study designed by Italians that emphasised the critical study of
Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature
Virtu The quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will
Debate About Women Debate among writers and thinkers in the Renaissance about
women's qualities and proper role in society
New Christians A term for Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula who accepted
Christianity; in many cases they included Christians whose families had converted centuries
earlier
,Anticlericalism Opposition to the clergy
Indulgence A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in
purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins
Protestant The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-
Catholic Western Christian groups
Spanish Armada The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious
crusade against Protestantism, defeated by the English
"The Institutes of the Christian Religion" Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which
became a systematic theology for Protestantism
Predestination The teaching that god has determined the salvation of individuals based on
his will and purpose, not on their merit or works
Holy Office The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international
doctrinal heresy
Jesuits Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the
spread of the Roman Catholic faith
Politiques Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could
save France from total collapse
Edict of Nantes A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of
conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France
, Union of Utrecht The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its
independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands
Conquistador Spanish for "conqueror", Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernando Cortes
and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown
Caravel A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the
fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade
Ptolemey's "Geography" A second-century C.E. work that synthesized the classical
knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced
to Europeans about 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more
accurate maps.
Treaty of Tordesillas The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an
imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east
Mexica Empire Also known as the Aztec Empire, a large and complex Native American
civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical,
astronomical, and engineering technology
Inca Empire The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco
that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532
Viceroyalties The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the
Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata
Ecomienda System A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right
to forcibly employ groups of Indians in exchange for providing food, shelter, and Christian
teaching
Renaissance A French word meaning "rebirth", used to describe the rebirth of the culture of
classical antiquity in Italy during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries
Patronage Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to
produce specific works or works in specific styles
Communes Sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that
sought political and economic independence from local nobles
Popolo Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from
power
Signori Government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; also refers to these
rulers
Courts Magnificent households and palaces where signori and other rulers lived, conducted
business, and supported the arts
Humanism A program of study designed by Italians that emphasised the critical study of
Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature
Virtu The quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will
Debate About Women Debate among writers and thinkers in the Renaissance about
women's qualities and proper role in society
New Christians A term for Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula who accepted
Christianity; in many cases they included Christians whose families had converted centuries
earlier
,Anticlericalism Opposition to the clergy
Indulgence A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in
purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins
Protestant The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-
Catholic Western Christian groups
Spanish Armada The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious
crusade against Protestantism, defeated by the English
"The Institutes of the Christian Religion" Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which
became a systematic theology for Protestantism
Predestination The teaching that god has determined the salvation of individuals based on
his will and purpose, not on their merit or works
Holy Office The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international
doctrinal heresy
Jesuits Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the
spread of the Roman Catholic faith
Politiques Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could
save France from total collapse
Edict of Nantes A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of
conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France
, Union of Utrecht The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its
independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands
Conquistador Spanish for "conqueror", Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernando Cortes
and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown
Caravel A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the
fifteenth century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade
Ptolemey's "Geography" A second-century C.E. work that synthesized the classical
knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced
to Europeans about 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more
accurate maps.
Treaty of Tordesillas The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an
imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east
Mexica Empire Also known as the Aztec Empire, a large and complex Native American
civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical,
astronomical, and engineering technology
Inca Empire The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco
that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532
Viceroyalties The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the
Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata
Ecomienda System A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right
to forcibly employ groups of Indians in exchange for providing food, shelter, and Christian
teaching
