NFDN 2003 FINAL EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS

NFDN 2003 FINAL EXAM 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS.




Hypovolemia is also called - ANS dehydration


Hypovolemia symptoms - ANS - weak
- rapid pulse
- dizziness
- thirst
- weight loss
- decreased BP


Hypervolemia symptoms - ANS - weight gain
- SOB
- wheezing/crackles
- tachycardia
- increased urinary output
- increase BP


Hyponatremia - ANS low sodium levels


Hyponatremia causes - ANS - excess sweeting
- increased H2O

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,- use of diuretics


Hypernatremia - ANS excess sodium leves


Hypernatremia causes - ANS - diarrhea
- heat stroke
- hyperventilation


pH normal levels - ANS 7.35-7.45


PaCO2 normal levels - ANS 35-45mmHg


HCO3 (Bicarb) normal levels - ANS 22-26mmol/L


Respiratory Acidosis - ANS - results from retention of CO2 & decrease of pH


Respiratory Acidosis Symptoms - ANS - increased pulse
- increased resps
- increased BP
- mental cloudiness


Respiratory Acidosis Treatment - ANS - bronchodilators
- anticoagulants
- place pt in semi fowlers


Respiratory Alkalosis - ANS - rapid or excess elimination of CO2 & increase pH
- cause: hyperventilation



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, Respiratory Alkalosis symptoms - ANS - dizzy
- light headed
- paraesthesia of extremities


Respiratory Alkalosis Treatment - ANS - slow breathing
- breath into paper bag


Metabolic Acidosis - ANS - decrease bicarb (HCO3)
- pH = < 7.35


Metabolic Acidosis symptoms - ANS - headache
- confusion
- drowsiness
- increase resp rate
- decrease BP
- cold/clammy skin


Metabolic Acidosis Treatment - ANS - give bicarb
- may need dialysis


Metabolic Alkalosis - ANS - increase bicarb
- ph= > 7.45
- excessive vomiting or diarrhea


Metabolic Alkalosis symptoms - ANS - paraesthesia of fingers and toes
- dizzy
- depressed respirations



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