CLTM BOARD PREP TERMS AND REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS | NEW UPDATE 2026
What is the preferred montage for SSEP?
Referential
What is the preferred montage for Invasive monitoring?
Laplacian
What are the HFF/LFF settings for LTM scalp recordings?
LFF 0.5- HFF 70Hz
What disease is known for a "tangle of vessels"?
Moya Moya disease
What artifact is often seen in surgical grids?
Pulse artifact
DBS stands for? (Hint, think of VNS)
Deep Brain Stimulator
What is the contraindications for hyperventilation procedure?
Moya Moya disease
What are the filter/sensitivity settings and montage for Intracranial monitoring?
Low-frequency response of 0.5 Hz or lower
High-frequency response of 70 Hz or higher
Common mode rejection of at least 60 dB
Dynamic range of at least 40 dB.
What is included on the MSDS Sheets (OSHA):
- The MSDS lists the hazardous ingredients of a product, its physical and chemical
characteristics (e.g. flammability, explosive properties), its effect on human health, the chemicals
, 2
with which it can adversely react, handling precautions, the types of measures that can be used to
control exposure, emergency and first aid procedures, and methods to contain a spill.
What year was the 'Universal Protocol' enacted?
2004
What was the purpose of the Universal Protocol?
Preventing wrong site, wrong procedure, and wrong person surgery. Performed by conducting a
pre-procedure verification process, marking the procedure site, and performing a time-out
What is the neocortex?
The neocortex makes up the largest part of the cerebral cortex. Comprised of six layers: It is
responsible for sensory perception, cognition, motor commands, spatial reasoning, and language.
What allows for visualization of prolonged trends that are difficult to appreciate on raw
EEG and is helpful in detecting Ischemia, levels of anesthesia, and assess variability?
Quantative EEG
When developing brain cells, or neurons, fail to reach the parts of the brain for which they
are genetically destined. As a result, those areas of the brain lack the appropriate neural
connections to function properly. This condition is one of the most common causes of
epilepsy and seizures. What is it?
Cortical dysplagia
A condition characterized by scarring and deterioration of the inner part of the brain's
temporal lobe. Also most common cause for temporal lobe epilepsy.
Hippocampal Sclerosis of the mesial temporal
A pattern can qualify as rhythmic or periodic as long as it continues for at least 6 cycles
(e.g. 1/s for 6 seconds, or 3/s for 2 seconds).
Rhythmic/Periodic Definition
What is the definition of a spike/spiky wave?
, 3
Duration of 70ms
What is the definition of a sharp wave?
duration of 70-200 ms
What is the definition of slow wave?
duration of >200ms
What is an aura?
perceptual disturbance experienced by some with epilepsy or migraine. It can be olfactory,
visual, or sudden onset of heart palpitations, chest pain, etc.
If a patient had an aura seizure, what would you see on the EEG?
nothing
What imaging test is best for subarachnoid hemorrhage?
CT scan
What are Dycrystic seizures?
focal or partial seizures when a person makes a crying sound. They may also look like they are
grimacing
Gelastic seizures, Dacrytic seizures, and hypothalamic hamartomas are treatable with what
procedure?
Gamma knife
What electrodes are not used in LTM monitoring?
nasopharyngeal are not used in LTM due to irritation
A infection of the central nervous system by Taenia solium cysts. It is the most common
parasitic brain disease worldwide and the most common cause of epilepsy in the developing
world
, 4
Parenchymatous Neurocysticercosis (cysts on brain)
Hypothermia Cooling temp ranges:
32°C to 34°C
What electrode is between CZ and P4?
CP2
This paroxysmal pattern is usually seen in the adult age group (typically over 50 years) and
consists of a mixture of frequencies, often predominantly in the theta range, lasting 40-80 s.
It may resemble a seizure discharge but is not accompanied by any clinical signs or
symptoms. The significance of this pattern is uncertain, but it should be distinguished from
an epileptiform seizure pattern. Can also be elicited during hyperventilation in adults.
Subclinical rhythmic discharges of adults (SREDA)
Upper SSEP: The response that is generated by the somatosensory cortex contralateral to
the side of the stimulation
N20
Upper SSEP: The response generated by the motor cortex contralateral to the side of the
stimulation
P20
P20 comes from what location of the brain? (positive nearfield response)
Primary motor
N20 comes from what location of the brain? (negative nearfield response)
Somatosensory
Upper SSEP: What landmark is seen in the phase reversal between N20 and P20?
Central Sulcus
True or False: Heat decreases latency of SSEP
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS | NEW UPDATE 2026
What is the preferred montage for SSEP?
Referential
What is the preferred montage for Invasive monitoring?
Laplacian
What are the HFF/LFF settings for LTM scalp recordings?
LFF 0.5- HFF 70Hz
What disease is known for a "tangle of vessels"?
Moya Moya disease
What artifact is often seen in surgical grids?
Pulse artifact
DBS stands for? (Hint, think of VNS)
Deep Brain Stimulator
What is the contraindications for hyperventilation procedure?
Moya Moya disease
What are the filter/sensitivity settings and montage for Intracranial monitoring?
Low-frequency response of 0.5 Hz or lower
High-frequency response of 70 Hz or higher
Common mode rejection of at least 60 dB
Dynamic range of at least 40 dB.
What is included on the MSDS Sheets (OSHA):
- The MSDS lists the hazardous ingredients of a product, its physical and chemical
characteristics (e.g. flammability, explosive properties), its effect on human health, the chemicals
, 2
with which it can adversely react, handling precautions, the types of measures that can be used to
control exposure, emergency and first aid procedures, and methods to contain a spill.
What year was the 'Universal Protocol' enacted?
2004
What was the purpose of the Universal Protocol?
Preventing wrong site, wrong procedure, and wrong person surgery. Performed by conducting a
pre-procedure verification process, marking the procedure site, and performing a time-out
What is the neocortex?
The neocortex makes up the largest part of the cerebral cortex. Comprised of six layers: It is
responsible for sensory perception, cognition, motor commands, spatial reasoning, and language.
What allows for visualization of prolonged trends that are difficult to appreciate on raw
EEG and is helpful in detecting Ischemia, levels of anesthesia, and assess variability?
Quantative EEG
When developing brain cells, or neurons, fail to reach the parts of the brain for which they
are genetically destined. As a result, those areas of the brain lack the appropriate neural
connections to function properly. This condition is one of the most common causes of
epilepsy and seizures. What is it?
Cortical dysplagia
A condition characterized by scarring and deterioration of the inner part of the brain's
temporal lobe. Also most common cause for temporal lobe epilepsy.
Hippocampal Sclerosis of the mesial temporal
A pattern can qualify as rhythmic or periodic as long as it continues for at least 6 cycles
(e.g. 1/s for 6 seconds, or 3/s for 2 seconds).
Rhythmic/Periodic Definition
What is the definition of a spike/spiky wave?
, 3
Duration of 70ms
What is the definition of a sharp wave?
duration of 70-200 ms
What is the definition of slow wave?
duration of >200ms
What is an aura?
perceptual disturbance experienced by some with epilepsy or migraine. It can be olfactory,
visual, or sudden onset of heart palpitations, chest pain, etc.
If a patient had an aura seizure, what would you see on the EEG?
nothing
What imaging test is best for subarachnoid hemorrhage?
CT scan
What are Dycrystic seizures?
focal or partial seizures when a person makes a crying sound. They may also look like they are
grimacing
Gelastic seizures, Dacrytic seizures, and hypothalamic hamartomas are treatable with what
procedure?
Gamma knife
What electrodes are not used in LTM monitoring?
nasopharyngeal are not used in LTM due to irritation
A infection of the central nervous system by Taenia solium cysts. It is the most common
parasitic brain disease worldwide and the most common cause of epilepsy in the developing
world
, 4
Parenchymatous Neurocysticercosis (cysts on brain)
Hypothermia Cooling temp ranges:
32°C to 34°C
What electrode is between CZ and P4?
CP2
This paroxysmal pattern is usually seen in the adult age group (typically over 50 years) and
consists of a mixture of frequencies, often predominantly in the theta range, lasting 40-80 s.
It may resemble a seizure discharge but is not accompanied by any clinical signs or
symptoms. The significance of this pattern is uncertain, but it should be distinguished from
an epileptiform seizure pattern. Can also be elicited during hyperventilation in adults.
Subclinical rhythmic discharges of adults (SREDA)
Upper SSEP: The response that is generated by the somatosensory cortex contralateral to
the side of the stimulation
N20
Upper SSEP: The response generated by the motor cortex contralateral to the side of the
stimulation
P20
P20 comes from what location of the brain? (positive nearfield response)
Primary motor
N20 comes from what location of the brain? (negative nearfield response)
Somatosensory
Upper SSEP: What landmark is seen in the phase reversal between N20 and P20?
Central Sulcus
True or False: Heat decreases latency of SSEP
