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NUR 1020C Exam 1 Study Guide
(Term 1) Questions and Answers
Latest 2026
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs— Ans: The nurse's
understanding of these factors helps with formulating
nursing diagnoses that address the patient's needs and
values. Needs at the lower levels of the pyramid-shaped
hierarchy must be met before needs at higher levels are
addressed.
Florence Nightingale (1860)— Ans: Concept of the
environment emphasized prevention and clean air, water,
and housing.
- Her nursing theoretical work discussed environmental
adaptation with appropriate noise levels, hygiene, light,
comfort, socialization, hope, nutrition, and conservation
of patient energy.
Which two nurses emerged during the civil war?— Ans:
Dorthea Dix and Clara Barton.
Dorthea Dix— Ans: Head of the U.S. Sanitary
Commission, which was a forerunner of the Army Nurse
Corps.
Clara Barton— Ans: Established the Red Cross.
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Linda Richards— Ans: America's first trained nurse,
graduating from Boston's Women's Hospital in 1873.
Lena Higbee— Ans: Superintendent of the U.S. Navy
Nurse Corps, was awarded the Navy Cross in 1918.
Hildegard Peplau (1952)— Ans: Focused on the roles
played by the nurse and the interpersonal process
between a nurse and a patient.
- The interpersonal process occurs in overlapping phases:
(1) orientation; (2) working, consisting of two
subphases—identification and exploitation; and (3)
resolution.
Virginia Henderson (1966)— Ans: Had 14 components,
based on Maslow's hierarchy of human needs from the
physiologic, psychological, sociocultural, spiritual, and
developmental domains.
- She described the nurse's role as substitutive (doing for
the person), supplementary (helping the person), or
complementary (working with the person), with the
ultimate goal of independence for the patient.
Martha Rogers (1970)— Ans: Stated that human beings
and their environments are interacting in continuous
motion as infinite energy fields.
- The model includes four dimensions: energy fields,
openness, patterns and organizations, and
dimensionality.
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Sister Callista Roy's (1970)— Ans: Adaptation Model is
based on the human being as an adaptive open system.
- The person adapts by meeting physiologic-physical
needs, developing a positive self-concept-group identity,
performing social role functions, and balancing
dependence and independence.
Dorothea Orem— Ans: Three interrelated theories of self-
care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems constitute
Dorothea Orem's (1971) Self-Care Deficit Theory of
Nursing.
- A self-care deficit exists when patients are unable to
meet their self-care needs. Nursing systems care for
patients who require assistance in one of three
categories: (1) wholly compensatory, (2) partly
compensatory, or (3) supportive-educative.
- The goal of nursing care is to help patients perform
self-care by increasing their independence.
Imogene King (1971)— Ans: Developed a general systems
framework that incorporates three levels of systems: (1)
individual or personal, (2) group or interpersonal, and (3)
society or social.
- In this theory, the nurse and the patient work together
to achieve the goals in the continuous adjustment to
stressors.
Betty Neuman (1972)— Ans: Systems Model includes a
holistic concept and an open-system approach.
© 2025 All rights reserved
NUR 1020C Exam 1 Study Guide
(Term 1) Questions and Answers
Latest 2026
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs— Ans: The nurse's
understanding of these factors helps with formulating
nursing diagnoses that address the patient's needs and
values. Needs at the lower levels of the pyramid-shaped
hierarchy must be met before needs at higher levels are
addressed.
Florence Nightingale (1860)— Ans: Concept of the
environment emphasized prevention and clean air, water,
and housing.
- Her nursing theoretical work discussed environmental
adaptation with appropriate noise levels, hygiene, light,
comfort, socialization, hope, nutrition, and conservation
of patient energy.
Which two nurses emerged during the civil war?— Ans:
Dorthea Dix and Clara Barton.
Dorthea Dix— Ans: Head of the U.S. Sanitary
Commission, which was a forerunner of the Army Nurse
Corps.
Clara Barton— Ans: Established the Red Cross.
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
Linda Richards— Ans: America's first trained nurse,
graduating from Boston's Women's Hospital in 1873.
Lena Higbee— Ans: Superintendent of the U.S. Navy
Nurse Corps, was awarded the Navy Cross in 1918.
Hildegard Peplau (1952)— Ans: Focused on the roles
played by the nurse and the interpersonal process
between a nurse and a patient.
- The interpersonal process occurs in overlapping phases:
(1) orientation; (2) working, consisting of two
subphases—identification and exploitation; and (3)
resolution.
Virginia Henderson (1966)— Ans: Had 14 components,
based on Maslow's hierarchy of human needs from the
physiologic, psychological, sociocultural, spiritual, and
developmental domains.
- She described the nurse's role as substitutive (doing for
the person), supplementary (helping the person), or
complementary (working with the person), with the
ultimate goal of independence for the patient.
Martha Rogers (1970)— Ans: Stated that human beings
and their environments are interacting in continuous
motion as infinite energy fields.
- The model includes four dimensions: energy fields,
openness, patterns and organizations, and
dimensionality.
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
Sister Callista Roy's (1970)— Ans: Adaptation Model is
based on the human being as an adaptive open system.
- The person adapts by meeting physiologic-physical
needs, developing a positive self-concept-group identity,
performing social role functions, and balancing
dependence and independence.
Dorothea Orem— Ans: Three interrelated theories of self-
care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems constitute
Dorothea Orem's (1971) Self-Care Deficit Theory of
Nursing.
- A self-care deficit exists when patients are unable to
meet their self-care needs. Nursing systems care for
patients who require assistance in one of three
categories: (1) wholly compensatory, (2) partly
compensatory, or (3) supportive-educative.
- The goal of nursing care is to help patients perform
self-care by increasing their independence.
Imogene King (1971)— Ans: Developed a general systems
framework that incorporates three levels of systems: (1)
individual or personal, (2) group or interpersonal, and (3)
society or social.
- In this theory, the nurse and the patient work together
to achieve the goals in the continuous adjustment to
stressors.
Betty Neuman (1972)— Ans: Systems Model includes a
holistic concept and an open-system approach.
© 2025 All rights reserved
