BIOS 252 Final Exam
Essay Q & A
, BIOS 252 Final Exam
Essay Q & A
1. Define spinal reflex and use an example from the body to illustrate a spinal reflex. (Page 446)
Spinal Reflex – when integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter
If you pick up something hot, the grasping muscles may relax and you may drop the hot object even
before you are consciously aware of the extreme heat or pain. This is an example of a spinal cord reflex—
a quick, automatic response to certain kinds of stimuli that involves neurons only in the spinal nerves
and spinal cord.
2. Describe sleep and its major stages and then contrast sleep to coma - how are they similar and how do
they differ. (Page 570)
Sleep is a state of altered consciousness or partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused
Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person has little or no response to stimuli
Alpha waves- stage 1 (drowsy)
Sleep Spindles – Stage 2 light sleep
Theta and delta waves – stags 3-4 deep sleep
Beta waves- fully awake eyes open
Brain Waves:
Alpha waves – awake and resting
Beta Waves – mental and sensory activity
Theta Waves – emotional distress
Delta Waves – Deep sleep in adults
3.Explain language usage and comprehension including a description of the two major language areas of
the brain, where they are located and what they are specialized to accomplish, including what happens
when damage occurs to either area.
Broca’s Area:
Located in the frontal lobe left hemisphere, deals with speaking and understanding language that
involve sensory association and motor areas at the cortex
Wernicke’s Area:
Located in the left temporal & parietal lobes left hemisphere, interprets the meaning of speech by
recognizing spoken words, translates words into thoughts
Essay Q & A
, BIOS 252 Final Exam
Essay Q & A
1. Define spinal reflex and use an example from the body to illustrate a spinal reflex. (Page 446)
Spinal Reflex – when integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter
If you pick up something hot, the grasping muscles may relax and you may drop the hot object even
before you are consciously aware of the extreme heat or pain. This is an example of a spinal cord reflex—
a quick, automatic response to certain kinds of stimuli that involves neurons only in the spinal nerves
and spinal cord.
2. Describe sleep and its major stages and then contrast sleep to coma - how are they similar and how do
they differ. (Page 570)
Sleep is a state of altered consciousness or partial unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused
Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person has little or no response to stimuli
Alpha waves- stage 1 (drowsy)
Sleep Spindles – Stage 2 light sleep
Theta and delta waves – stags 3-4 deep sleep
Beta waves- fully awake eyes open
Brain Waves:
Alpha waves – awake and resting
Beta Waves – mental and sensory activity
Theta Waves – emotional distress
Delta Waves – Deep sleep in adults
3.Explain language usage and comprehension including a description of the two major language areas of
the brain, where they are located and what they are specialized to accomplish, including what happens
when damage occurs to either area.
Broca’s Area:
Located in the frontal lobe left hemisphere, deals with speaking and understanding language that
involve sensory association and motor areas at the cortex
Wernicke’s Area:
Located in the left temporal & parietal lobes left hemisphere, interprets the meaning of speech by
recognizing spoken words, translates words into thoughts
