BIOS 252 Final Exam Study Guide
, BIOS 252 Final Exam Study Guide
Chapter 1
• Vocabulary: anatomy, physiology, tissue, organ, organ system, digestion, metabolism,
excretion, negative feedback, positive feedback, anatomical position, axial, appendicular,
cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
• Anatomy: is study of the structure of living organisms.
• Physiology: is study of the function of living organisms.
• Tissue: is a group of similar cells and their intercellular substance specialized to perform
a specific function; primary tissue types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle,
and nervous tissue.
• Organ: is a part of the body formed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a
specific function; ex. stomach
• Organ system: is a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function;
ex. Nervous system
• Digestions: Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs to substances
that can be absorbed.
• Metabolism: Sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells
• Excretion: Elimination of waste products from the body.
• Negative feedback: the most common homeostatic control mechanism. The net effect is
that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.
• Positive feedback: Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the
same direction as an initial change ex. lactating, giving birth….
• Anatomical position: the anatomical reference point (standard body position; it is
necessary to describe body parts and position accurately)
• Axial: it makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk. (one of
two fundamental divisions of our body)
• Appendicular: consists of the appendages (limbs) which are attached to the body’s axis.
(one of two fundamental divisions of our body)
• Cranial cavity: means in the skull and encases the brain
• Thoracic cavity: is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest (contains heart and
lungs)
• Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
(contains digestive viscera)
• Pelvic cavity: lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive
organs, and the rectum.
• Abdominopelvic cavity: contains abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
• Identify/explain the relationships among the different levels of structural organization in
the body
, • Chemical level (atoms molecule): Atoms combine to form molecules
• Cellular level (organelle (mitochondriasmooth muscle cell): cells are made up of
molecules
• Tissue level (smooth muscle tissue): tissues consist of similar types of cells
• Organ level: organs are made up of different types of tissues. Ex. In case of blood vessel
(organ), it is made up of smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue.
• Organ system level: Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
• Organismal level: the human organism is made up of many organ system.
• Provide a brief description of the major function of each of the major body systems
• Integumentary System: forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues
from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors
and sweat and oil glands.
• Skeletal System: Protects and supports body organs, and provides a frame work the
muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store
minerals.
• Muscular System: allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial
expression. Maintain posture, and produces heat.
• Nervous System: as the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
• Endocrine System: glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
• Cardiovascular System: blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
• Lymphatic System/ Immunity: picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to
blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells
(lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against
foreign substances within the body.
• Respiratory System: keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
• Digestive System: (passes through the body) breaks down food into absorbable units that
enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as
feces
• Urinary System: eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water,
electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.
• Male Reproductive System: overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce
sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the
female reproductive tract.
• Female Reproductive System: ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormone.
The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary lands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
• Use all the terms in Table 1.1 appropriately (e.g., the knee is _____ to the foot), assuming
the anatomical position.
, BIOS 252 Final Exam Study Guide
Chapter 1
• Vocabulary: anatomy, physiology, tissue, organ, organ system, digestion, metabolism,
excretion, negative feedback, positive feedback, anatomical position, axial, appendicular,
cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
• Anatomy: is study of the structure of living organisms.
• Physiology: is study of the function of living organisms.
• Tissue: is a group of similar cells and their intercellular substance specialized to perform
a specific function; primary tissue types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle,
and nervous tissue.
• Organ: is a part of the body formed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a
specific function; ex. stomach
• Organ system: is a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function;
ex. Nervous system
• Digestions: Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs to substances
that can be absorbed.
• Metabolism: Sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells
• Excretion: Elimination of waste products from the body.
• Negative feedback: the most common homeostatic control mechanism. The net effect is
that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.
• Positive feedback: Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the
same direction as an initial change ex. lactating, giving birth….
• Anatomical position: the anatomical reference point (standard body position; it is
necessary to describe body parts and position accurately)
• Axial: it makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk. (one of
two fundamental divisions of our body)
• Appendicular: consists of the appendages (limbs) which are attached to the body’s axis.
(one of two fundamental divisions of our body)
• Cranial cavity: means in the skull and encases the brain
• Thoracic cavity: is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest (contains heart and
lungs)
• Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
(contains digestive viscera)
• Pelvic cavity: lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive
organs, and the rectum.
• Abdominopelvic cavity: contains abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
• Identify/explain the relationships among the different levels of structural organization in
the body
, • Chemical level (atoms molecule): Atoms combine to form molecules
• Cellular level (organelle (mitochondriasmooth muscle cell): cells are made up of
molecules
• Tissue level (smooth muscle tissue): tissues consist of similar types of cells
• Organ level: organs are made up of different types of tissues. Ex. In case of blood vessel
(organ), it is made up of smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue.
• Organ system level: Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
• Organismal level: the human organism is made up of many organ system.
• Provide a brief description of the major function of each of the major body systems
• Integumentary System: forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues
from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors
and sweat and oil glands.
• Skeletal System: Protects and supports body organs, and provides a frame work the
muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store
minerals.
• Muscular System: allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial
expression. Maintain posture, and produces heat.
• Nervous System: as the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
• Endocrine System: glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
• Cardiovascular System: blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
• Lymphatic System/ Immunity: picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to
blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells
(lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against
foreign substances within the body.
• Respiratory System: keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
• Digestive System: (passes through the body) breaks down food into absorbable units that
enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as
feces
• Urinary System: eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water,
electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.
• Male Reproductive System: overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce
sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the
female reproductive tract.
• Female Reproductive System: ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormone.
The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary lands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
• Use all the terms in Table 1.1 appropriately (e.g., the knee is _____ to the foot), assuming
the anatomical position.
