BIOS252 Exam 2
List and describe the layers of the meninges. Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Dura mater: -Outer periosteal layer
-most superficial of the three spinal meninges
-thick strong layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue
-surrounds spinal cord and is separated from vertebrae by epidural
space
Arachnoid mater: -middle of the meningeal membranes
-thin, avascular covering comprised of cells and thin, loosely
arranged collagen and elastic fibers
-adheres to dura and is separated from pia by fibers spanning the
subarachnoid space that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Pia mater: -innermost meninx
-thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface
of the spinal cord and brain
-delicate membrane that follows contours of spinal cord
-continues inferiorly as a fibrous terminal filum that fuses with dura to
form coccygeal ligament
2026/2027
, BIOS252 Exam 2
satellite cells function -Surround somas of neurons in the ganglia
-provide electrical insulation and regulate chemical environment of
neurons
microglial cells function Phagocytize and destroy microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead
nervous tissue
Astrocytes function -Cover brain surface and nonsynaptic regions of neurons
-form supportive framework in CNS
-induce formation of blood-brain barrier
-nourish neurons
-produce growth factors that stimulate neurons
-promote the formation of synapses and neural circuitry
-communicate electrically with neurons and may influence synaptic
signaling
-form scar tissue to replace damaged nervous tissue
Schwann cells function -Form neurilemma around all PNS nerve fibers and myelin around
most of them
-aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers
ependymal cells function -Line cavities of brain and spinal cord
-secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
2026/2027
, BIOS252 Exam 2
Wernicke area function -recognition of spoken and written language
-formulates phrases and transmits plan of speech to Broca area
List and describe the functions of the -major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous
hypothalamus systems
-plays an essential role in the homeostatic regulation of nearly all
organs of the body
-Hormone secretion
-Autonomic effects
-Thermoregulation
-Food and water intake
-Sleep and circadian rhythms
-Memory
-Emotional behavior and sexual response
-produces orexins: neuropeptides that stimulate wakefulness
posterior (dorsal) horns of the spinal cord -Receives sensory input information and also receives input that is
involved in the coordination of reflexes
-receives sensory nerve fibers from the spinal nerves, which usually
synapse with networks of interneurons in the horn
Dopamine -elevation of mood and control of skeletal muscles
2026/2027
List and describe the layers of the meninges. Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Dura mater: -Outer periosteal layer
-most superficial of the three spinal meninges
-thick strong layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue
-surrounds spinal cord and is separated from vertebrae by epidural
space
Arachnoid mater: -middle of the meningeal membranes
-thin, avascular covering comprised of cells and thin, loosely
arranged collagen and elastic fibers
-adheres to dura and is separated from pia by fibers spanning the
subarachnoid space that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Pia mater: -innermost meninx
-thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface
of the spinal cord and brain
-delicate membrane that follows contours of spinal cord
-continues inferiorly as a fibrous terminal filum that fuses with dura to
form coccygeal ligament
2026/2027
, BIOS252 Exam 2
satellite cells function -Surround somas of neurons in the ganglia
-provide electrical insulation and regulate chemical environment of
neurons
microglial cells function Phagocytize and destroy microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead
nervous tissue
Astrocytes function -Cover brain surface and nonsynaptic regions of neurons
-form supportive framework in CNS
-induce formation of blood-brain barrier
-nourish neurons
-produce growth factors that stimulate neurons
-promote the formation of synapses and neural circuitry
-communicate electrically with neurons and may influence synaptic
signaling
-form scar tissue to replace damaged nervous tissue
Schwann cells function -Form neurilemma around all PNS nerve fibers and myelin around
most of them
-aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers
ependymal cells function -Line cavities of brain and spinal cord
-secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
2026/2027
, BIOS252 Exam 2
Wernicke area function -recognition of spoken and written language
-formulates phrases and transmits plan of speech to Broca area
List and describe the functions of the -major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous
hypothalamus systems
-plays an essential role in the homeostatic regulation of nearly all
organs of the body
-Hormone secretion
-Autonomic effects
-Thermoregulation
-Food and water intake
-Sleep and circadian rhythms
-Memory
-Emotional behavior and sexual response
-produces orexins: neuropeptides that stimulate wakefulness
posterior (dorsal) horns of the spinal cord -Receives sensory input information and also receives input that is
involved in the coordination of reflexes
-receives sensory nerve fibers from the spinal nerves, which usually
synapse with networks of interneurons in the horn
Dopamine -elevation of mood and control of skeletal muscles
2026/2027
