BIO 180 ACTUAL 2026 CORE EXAM TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Model Organism - ✔✔A species that is used for research because it is practical and
because conclusions drawn from studying it turn out to apply to many other species as
well
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔The distinct physical display of the genetic makeup of an organism
✔✔Pure Line - ✔✔Consists of individuals that produce offspring identical to themselves
when they are self-pollinated or crossed to another member of the pure-line population
✔✔Hybrids - ✔✔Offspring from matings between true-breeding parents that differ in one
or more traits
✔✔Parental Generation - ✔✔The first cross between two individuals
✔✔F1 Generation - ✔✔The products of the Parental Generation
✔✔Monohybrid Cross - ✔✔Mating between parents that carry two different genetic
determinants for the same trait
✔✔Recessive Trait - ✔✔The trait temporarily becomes latent or hidden when paired
with a different version of the same trait
✔✔Dominant Trait - ✔✔The trait is always displayed even when paired with a different
version of the same trait
✔✔Reciprocal Cross - ✔✔A set of matings where the mother's phenotype in the initial
cross is the father's phenotype in the subsequent cross and the father's phenotype in
the initial cross is the mother's phenotype in a subsequent cross
✔✔Gene - ✔✔Hereditary determinant for a trait
✔✔Allele - ✔✔Different versions of the same gene
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔Alleles found in a particular individual
✔✔Principle of Segregation - ✔✔Each pair of hereditary elements (alleles) separate
from each other during the formation of offspring
✔✔Homozygous - ✔✔Having two copies of the same allele
✔✔Heterozygous - ✔✔Having two different copies of the same allele
, ✔✔Genetic Model - ✔✔A set of hypothesis that explains how a particular trait is
inherited
✔✔Dihybrid cross - ✔✔Mating between two individuals who are both heterozygous for
both traits
✔✔Principle of Independent Assortment - ✔✔Different genes are transmitted
independently of one another
✔✔Locus - ✔✔Location of a gene on a chromosome
✔✔Wild Type - ✔✔The most common phenotype (generally the dominant)
✔✔Mutation - ✔✔Change in a gene
✔✔X-Linked Inheritance / X-Linkage - ✔✔Genes linked to the X chromosome
✔✔Y-Linked Inheritance / Y-Linkage - ✔✔Genes linked to the Y chromosome
✔✔Autosomal Inheritance - ✔✔Genes on non-sex chromosomes
✔✔Genetic Map - ✔✔A diagram showing the relative positions of genes along a
particular chromosome
✔✔Incomplete Dominance - ✔✔Heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype
✔✔Codominance - ✔✔Heterozygotes have the phenotype associated with each
individual allele showing simultaneously
✔✔Multiple Allelism - ✔✔The existence of more than two alleles of the same gene
✔✔Polymorphic - ✔✔Two distinct phenotypes are present in a population due to
multiple alleleism
✔✔Pleiotropic - ✔✔A gene that influences many traits rather than just one
✔✔Discrete Traits - ✔✔Characteristics that are qualitatively different from each other
✔✔Quantitative Traits - ✔✔Individuals differ by degree when comparing one particular
phenotype
✔✔Polygenic Inheritance - ✔✔Each gene adds a small amount to the value of the
phenotype
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Model Organism - ✔✔A species that is used for research because it is practical and
because conclusions drawn from studying it turn out to apply to many other species as
well
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔The distinct physical display of the genetic makeup of an organism
✔✔Pure Line - ✔✔Consists of individuals that produce offspring identical to themselves
when they are self-pollinated or crossed to another member of the pure-line population
✔✔Hybrids - ✔✔Offspring from matings between true-breeding parents that differ in one
or more traits
✔✔Parental Generation - ✔✔The first cross between two individuals
✔✔F1 Generation - ✔✔The products of the Parental Generation
✔✔Monohybrid Cross - ✔✔Mating between parents that carry two different genetic
determinants for the same trait
✔✔Recessive Trait - ✔✔The trait temporarily becomes latent or hidden when paired
with a different version of the same trait
✔✔Dominant Trait - ✔✔The trait is always displayed even when paired with a different
version of the same trait
✔✔Reciprocal Cross - ✔✔A set of matings where the mother's phenotype in the initial
cross is the father's phenotype in the subsequent cross and the father's phenotype in
the initial cross is the mother's phenotype in a subsequent cross
✔✔Gene - ✔✔Hereditary determinant for a trait
✔✔Allele - ✔✔Different versions of the same gene
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔Alleles found in a particular individual
✔✔Principle of Segregation - ✔✔Each pair of hereditary elements (alleles) separate
from each other during the formation of offspring
✔✔Homozygous - ✔✔Having two copies of the same allele
✔✔Heterozygous - ✔✔Having two different copies of the same allele
, ✔✔Genetic Model - ✔✔A set of hypothesis that explains how a particular trait is
inherited
✔✔Dihybrid cross - ✔✔Mating between two individuals who are both heterozygous for
both traits
✔✔Principle of Independent Assortment - ✔✔Different genes are transmitted
independently of one another
✔✔Locus - ✔✔Location of a gene on a chromosome
✔✔Wild Type - ✔✔The most common phenotype (generally the dominant)
✔✔Mutation - ✔✔Change in a gene
✔✔X-Linked Inheritance / X-Linkage - ✔✔Genes linked to the X chromosome
✔✔Y-Linked Inheritance / Y-Linkage - ✔✔Genes linked to the Y chromosome
✔✔Autosomal Inheritance - ✔✔Genes on non-sex chromosomes
✔✔Genetic Map - ✔✔A diagram showing the relative positions of genes along a
particular chromosome
✔✔Incomplete Dominance - ✔✔Heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype
✔✔Codominance - ✔✔Heterozygotes have the phenotype associated with each
individual allele showing simultaneously
✔✔Multiple Allelism - ✔✔The existence of more than two alleles of the same gene
✔✔Polymorphic - ✔✔Two distinct phenotypes are present in a population due to
multiple alleleism
✔✔Pleiotropic - ✔✔A gene that influences many traits rather than just one
✔✔Discrete Traits - ✔✔Characteristics that are qualitatively different from each other
✔✔Quantitative Traits - ✔✔Individuals differ by degree when comparing one particular
phenotype
✔✔Polygenic Inheritance - ✔✔Each gene adds a small amount to the value of the
phenotype
