Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED 100%
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All persons, institutions, and processes supporting diag-
Health Care System nosis and treatment of health problems and for legit-
imized patients by appropriate providers.
- Definitions of health problems (e.g. obesity)
Variation Among Nations' Health Care Systems - Diagnosis & treatment models
- Social position, training, and authority of healers
- Complete physical, mental, and social well-being
What is health?
- NOT just absence of disease or infirmity (WHO)
- Genetic inheritance
- Health behavior
Determinants of Health
- Physical environment
- Social environment
Behavior that attects health, usually negatively, and are the
Health Behavior
most common target for health improvement ettorts
Smoking, alcohol/drug abuse, diet, exercise Health Behaviors
Implicated in leading causes of death in the United States Heart disease, cancer, stroke, respiratory diseases, etc.
Health behaviors are... the most common target of health improvement ettorts
- Education Access & Quality
- Health Care Access & Quality
Social determinants - Neighborhood & Built Environment
- Social & Community Context
- Economic Stability
- Restore health
Main goals of health care as a determinant
- Prevent worsening of problems
Late in causal chain leading to illness cause of chronic illnesses
Levels of Prevention
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- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
Eliminate risk factors to prevent onset (least focused on
Primary
now)
Early detection & treatment and restore pre-onset health
Secondary
status
Tertiary Prevent further exacerbation of health problem
- Complex and unique among nations
- Highly decentralized & fragmented
U.S. Health Care System - Mix of private and public financing and provision of care
- Historically has produced high physician incomes and
profits for suppliers of medical products
- Workforce
- Facilities
Components of U.S. Health Care System - Medical products
- Training & Research
- Financing
Workforce equals 12.7 million people
- Ambulatory
Facilities
- Inpatient
- Pharmaceuticals
Medical Products
- Durable equipment & nondurable supplies
Training & Research contributes to quality and innovation of health care system
Financing equals $4.5 trillion in 2022 (17.9% GDP)
Organization of Health Care Services
, - Government
- Private, nonprofit sector
- Private, for-profit sector
Federal, state, and local Government sector
Many hospitals & voluntary agencies such as the American
Private, nonprofit sector
Heart Association, Red Cross
Pharmaceuticals and other medical products, insurance
Private, for-profit sector
companies, nursing homes, hospitals
Tend to serve middle class and up Private, nonprofit sector
Tend to serve disadvantaged Private, for-profit sector
Exercise promotion, immunization, prenatal care, health
Primary Care
exam
Surgical procedures and common diagnostic and treat-
Secondary Care
ment interventions
Organ transplantation, open-heart surgery, chemothera-
Tertiary Care
py
- Racially and ethnically diverse
- Large and growing population over 65
- Large income disparities
U.S. Population Characteristics
- Substantial prevalence of chronic diseases such as dia-
betes and pulmonary problems
Related to need for health care
- Quality
Health Care System Performance - Equity
- Eflciency
Quality Health outcomes vs. technical accomplishments