PSYC290 EXAM 2 TEST BANK 2026
UPDATED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ How is self-esteem defined? Answer: Global evaluations of the self,
also known as self-worth or self-image.
⩥ What are four ways to increase self-esteem in children? Answer:
Identify causes of low self-esteem, provide emotional support, help
children achieve, and help children cope.
⩥ What is self-efficacy? Answer: The belief that one can master a
situation and produce positive outcomes.
⩥ How does self-efficacy influence student behavior? Answer: It affects
the choice of tasks, with low-efficacy students often avoiding many
learning tasks.
⩥ What characterizes Erikson's fourth stage of development? Answer:
The stage of industry versus inferiority, important in middle and late
childhood.
⩥ What developmental changes occur in children's understanding of
emotions? Answer: Increased understanding of complex emotions,
,ability to experience multiple emotions, and improved strategies to
manage emotions.
⩥ What are the three levels of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg?
Answer: Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
⩥ What criticisms have been made against Kohlberg's theory of moral
reasoning? Answer: Inadequacy of moral reasoning to predict moral
behavior, and the need for a stronger care perspective as advocated by
Gilligan.
⩥ What does the domain theory of moral development state? Answer:
There are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning,
including moral, social conventional, and personal.
⩥ How do parents influence children's prosocial behavior? Answer:
Parents play a significant role in shaping and encouraging positive moral
behaviors such as sharing.
⩥ What physical differences exist between boys and girls? Answer:
Boys are generally more physically aggressive, while girls tend to
regulate emotions better and engage in more prosocial behavior.
, ⩥ How does parental involvement change during middle and late
childhood? Answer: Parents spend less time with children and their role
shifts to supporting academic achievement and coregulating discipline.
⩥ What roles do parents play as managers in children's lives? Answer:
They manage opportunities, monitor behavior, and act as social initiators
and arrangers.
⩥ What is the impact of secure attachment to parents during childhood?
Answer: It is linked to lower levels of internalized symptoms, anxiety,
and depression.
⩥ What adjustment challenges do children in stepparent families face?
Answer: They often face more adjustment problems than children in
non-divorced families, though many do not have significant issues.
⩥ What are some developmental changes in peer relations during middle
and late childhood? Answer: Increased preference for same-sex groups,
more time spent in peer relations, and less adult supervision.
⩥ What are the categories of peer status among children? Answer:
Popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial children.
UPDATED QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ How is self-esteem defined? Answer: Global evaluations of the self,
also known as self-worth or self-image.
⩥ What are four ways to increase self-esteem in children? Answer:
Identify causes of low self-esteem, provide emotional support, help
children achieve, and help children cope.
⩥ What is self-efficacy? Answer: The belief that one can master a
situation and produce positive outcomes.
⩥ How does self-efficacy influence student behavior? Answer: It affects
the choice of tasks, with low-efficacy students often avoiding many
learning tasks.
⩥ What characterizes Erikson's fourth stage of development? Answer:
The stage of industry versus inferiority, important in middle and late
childhood.
⩥ What developmental changes occur in children's understanding of
emotions? Answer: Increased understanding of complex emotions,
,ability to experience multiple emotions, and improved strategies to
manage emotions.
⩥ What are the three levels of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg?
Answer: Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
⩥ What criticisms have been made against Kohlberg's theory of moral
reasoning? Answer: Inadequacy of moral reasoning to predict moral
behavior, and the need for a stronger care perspective as advocated by
Gilligan.
⩥ What does the domain theory of moral development state? Answer:
There are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning,
including moral, social conventional, and personal.
⩥ How do parents influence children's prosocial behavior? Answer:
Parents play a significant role in shaping and encouraging positive moral
behaviors such as sharing.
⩥ What physical differences exist between boys and girls? Answer:
Boys are generally more physically aggressive, while girls tend to
regulate emotions better and engage in more prosocial behavior.
, ⩥ How does parental involvement change during middle and late
childhood? Answer: Parents spend less time with children and their role
shifts to supporting academic achievement and coregulating discipline.
⩥ What roles do parents play as managers in children's lives? Answer:
They manage opportunities, monitor behavior, and act as social initiators
and arrangers.
⩥ What is the impact of secure attachment to parents during childhood?
Answer: It is linked to lower levels of internalized symptoms, anxiety,
and depression.
⩥ What adjustment challenges do children in stepparent families face?
Answer: They often face more adjustment problems than children in
non-divorced families, though many do not have significant issues.
⩥ What are some developmental changes in peer relations during middle
and late childhood? Answer: Increased preference for same-sex groups,
more time spent in peer relations, and less adult supervision.
⩥ What are the categories of peer status among children? Answer:
Popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial children.
