PSYC290 EXAM 2 FINAL PAPER 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
ACCURATE
⩥ What role do emotions play in parent-child relationships? Answer:
Emotions serve as the first language for communication between parents
and infants and are crucial for bonding.
⩥ What are primary emotions and self-conscious emotions? Answer:
Primary emotions are basic feelings like joy and anger, while self-
conscious emotions involve more complex feelings like pride and
shame.
⩥ What is the significance of crying in newborns? Answer: Crying is the
primary mechanism for newborns to communicate their needs, with
types including basic, anger, and pain cries.
⩥ At what age does social smiling typically begin in infants? Answer:
Social smiling occurs as early as 2 months of age.
⩥ What two fears do infants commonly develop? Answer: Stranger
anxiety and separation protest from a caregiver.
,⩥ What is temperament? Answer: Temperament refers to individual
differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic responses.
⩥ What are the three classifications of infants' temperament according to
Chess and Thomas? Answer: Infants can be classified as easy, difficult,
or slow to warm up.
⩥ What does 'goodness of fit' refer to in child development? Answer:
Goodness of fit is the match between a child's temperament and the
environmental demands they face.
⩥ What is Erikson's first stage of development? Answer: The first stage
is trust versus mistrust, occurring in an infant's first year.
⩥ What is the central theme in the second year of life according to
Erikson? Answer: The theme is autonomy versus shame and doubt.
⩥ How do infants show interest in their social world? Answer: Infants
orient to their social world early, engaging in face-to-face play and
meaningful interactions.
⩥ What is attachment? Answer: Attachment is a close emotional bond
between two people, crucial for infant development.
, ⩥ What are the four phases of attachment development in infancy
according to Bowlby? Answer: The phases include pre-attachment,
attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, and reciprocal
relationships.
⩥ What are the three types of insecure attachment identified? Answer:
The three types are avoidant, resistant, and disorganized attachment.
⩥ What is the Strange Situation? Answer: The Strange Situation is an
observational measure of attachment created by Ainsworth.
⩥ What are three criticisms of the emphasis on secure attachment in
infancy? Answer: Criticisms include insufficient support for critical
periods, lack of consideration for biological factors, and inadequate
attention to diverse social contexts.
⩥ What is the role of oxytocin in attachment? Answer: Oxytocin is a
hormone that influences the development of maternal-infant attachment.
⩥ How do caregiving styles affect attachment? Answer: Sensitive
caregivers foster secure attachment, while inconsistent or neglectful
caregiving can lead to insecure attachment.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
ACCURATE
⩥ What role do emotions play in parent-child relationships? Answer:
Emotions serve as the first language for communication between parents
and infants and are crucial for bonding.
⩥ What are primary emotions and self-conscious emotions? Answer:
Primary emotions are basic feelings like joy and anger, while self-
conscious emotions involve more complex feelings like pride and
shame.
⩥ What is the significance of crying in newborns? Answer: Crying is the
primary mechanism for newborns to communicate their needs, with
types including basic, anger, and pain cries.
⩥ At what age does social smiling typically begin in infants? Answer:
Social smiling occurs as early as 2 months of age.
⩥ What two fears do infants commonly develop? Answer: Stranger
anxiety and separation protest from a caregiver.
,⩥ What is temperament? Answer: Temperament refers to individual
differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic responses.
⩥ What are the three classifications of infants' temperament according to
Chess and Thomas? Answer: Infants can be classified as easy, difficult,
or slow to warm up.
⩥ What does 'goodness of fit' refer to in child development? Answer:
Goodness of fit is the match between a child's temperament and the
environmental demands they face.
⩥ What is Erikson's first stage of development? Answer: The first stage
is trust versus mistrust, occurring in an infant's first year.
⩥ What is the central theme in the second year of life according to
Erikson? Answer: The theme is autonomy versus shame and doubt.
⩥ How do infants show interest in their social world? Answer: Infants
orient to their social world early, engaging in face-to-face play and
meaningful interactions.
⩥ What is attachment? Answer: Attachment is a close emotional bond
between two people, crucial for infant development.
, ⩥ What are the four phases of attachment development in infancy
according to Bowlby? Answer: The phases include pre-attachment,
attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, and reciprocal
relationships.
⩥ What are the three types of insecure attachment identified? Answer:
The three types are avoidant, resistant, and disorganized attachment.
⩥ What is the Strange Situation? Answer: The Strange Situation is an
observational measure of attachment created by Ainsworth.
⩥ What are three criticisms of the emphasis on secure attachment in
infancy? Answer: Criticisms include insufficient support for critical
periods, lack of consideration for biological factors, and inadequate
attention to diverse social contexts.
⩥ What is the role of oxytocin in attachment? Answer: Oxytocin is a
hormone that influences the development of maternal-infant attachment.
⩥ How do caregiving styles affect attachment? Answer: Sensitive
caregivers foster secure attachment, while inconsistent or neglectful
caregiving can lead to insecure attachment.
