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The observation that IT investments did not lead to im-
What is the 'Productivity Paradox' as identified by Erik
proved productivity due to mismeasurement, adjustment
Brynjolfsson?
lags, redistribution of profits, and mismanagement.
Carr argues that IT has become a commodity and should
What is Carr's argument regarding IT in business? be managed for low cost and eflciency rather than as a
source of strategic advantage.
A condition where a firm earns above-average profits in its
Define 'Competitive Advantage'.
industry.
Cost Advantage (operating more cheaply) and Ditterenti-
What are the two types of Competitive Advantage?
ation Advantage (ottering unique value).
A framework that shows how businesses create value
through primary activities (like logistics and marketing)
What is the Value Chain model?
and support activities (like HR and technology develop-
ment).
A framework for analyzing industry competition, including
Threat of New Entrants, Bargaining Power of Suppliers,
What are Porter's Five Forces?
Bargaining Power of Buyers, Threat of Substitute Products,
and Rivalry Among Existing Competitors.
Alternative products or services that fulfill the same need,
What does the Threat of Substitutes refer to?
which can cap industry profits.
How does the Bargaining Power of Suppliers attect busi- Powerful suppliers can demand higher prices or limit
nesses? quality, impacting profitability.
When buyers have many choices, buy in large volumes, or
What increases the Bargaining Power of Buyers?
can easily switch providers.
Factors that protect existing firms from new competitors,
What are Barriers to Entry?
such as economies of scale and brand loyalty.
Intense rivalry can lower profitability due to price compe-
What is the impact of Rivalry Among Existing Competitors?
tition and increased marketing costs.
What is a Strategic Information System (SIS)?
, An IT system designed to give a business a competitive
edge through lower costs, ditterentiation, niche focus, or
innovation.
A system that improves business processes by integrating
What is a Business Process Management System (BPMS)?
IT and workflows.
A computer-to-computer exchange of standard docu-
ments that reduces costs and errors.
What is Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)?
An IT system that assists with semi-structured decisions by
What is a Decision Support System (DSS)?
combining data with expert judgment.
It is an example of a Decision Support System that uses
What is the significance of the Isabel system in healthcare? clinical data to suggest diagnoses and flag critical condi-
tions.
What key insight did Brynjolfsson & McAfee provide re- Good management and process innovation are more crit-
garding IT investments? ical than merely purchasing technology.
Strategy involves coping with competition and positioning
What does Michael Porter suggest about strategy in rela-
against external pressures to achieve sustainable compet-
tion to competition?
itive advantage.
Firms must identify the strongest forces in their industry
What are the strategic implications of understanding
and position themselves to navigate these pressures ef-
Porter's Five Forces?
fectively.
The potential for new competitors to enter the market,
What does the term 'Threat of New Entrants' mean?
which can increase competition and pressure prices.
How can firms influence the balance of competitive forces?