BIO 130 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Autosomes - ✔✔The first 22 pairs of chromosomes which are matched but not
identical
✔✔Sex chromosomes - ✔✔the 23rd pair, determining biological sex (XX females, Xy for
males)
✔✔Alleles - ✔✔Different versions of a gene
✔✔Homozygous - ✔✔Two identical alleles for a trait.
✔✔Heterozygous - ✔✔two different alleles for a trait
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔The complete set of alleles in an individual
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔The physical expression of genes
✔✔Punnett Square - ✔✔A digram used to predict the inheritance patterns of certain
traits
✔✔Dominant Inheritance - ✔✔One allele masks the effect of another.
✔✔Recessive Inheritance - ✔✔Both alleles must be present to express the trait
✔✔Incomplete Dominance - ✔✔a blending of traits
✔✔Codominacne - ✔✔both alleles are expressed equally
✔✔Polygenic Traits - ✔✔traits influenced by multiple genes (e.g., eye color, body type).
✔✔Environmental Influence - ✔✔Environment can affect phenotypic expression.
✔✔Epigenetics: - ✔✔Changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the
DNA sequence itself.
✔✔Linked Alleles - ✔✔Genes located close together on a chromosome that are often
inherited together.
✔✔Sex Determination - ✔✔Males determine the sex of offspring (due to the presence of
either X or Y chromosomes in sperm).
, ✔✔X-Linked Traits - ✔✔Traits associated with the X chromosome (e.g., hemophilia and
red-green color blindness, more common in males).
✔✔Y-Linked Traits - ✔✔Traits associated with the Y chromosome, only found in males
✔✔Baldness - ✔✔More common in males, but the gene itself is not sex-linked
✔✔Nondisjunction - ✔✔The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell
division, leading to disorders
✔✔Cystic Fibrosis - ✔✔Affects lungs and digestive system.
✔✔Phenylketonuria (PKU) - ✔✔Affects the body's ability to break down phenylalanine.
✔✔Tay-Sachs Disease - ✔✔Affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
✔✔Huntington Disease - ✔✔Caused by a dominant allele; symptoms typically appear in
the 30s.
✔✔Fertilization Process - ✔✔Sperm meets oocyte, mixes DNA. Takes hours to days to
reach the ampulla; only a few thousand make it
✔✔Fraternal Twins - ✔✔Form from two oocytes.
✔✔Identical Twins - ✔✔Result from the splitting of a zygote.
✔✔Amnion - ✔✔Innermost protective layer.
✔✔Allantois - ✔✔Forms blood vessels for the umbilical cord.
✔✔Yolk Sac - ✔✔Helps with blood cell production, later forms digestive tract
✔✔Chorion - ✔✔Produces hCG, the hormone for pregnancy maintenance
✔✔Placenta - ✔✔Facilitates nutrient and waste exchange, produces hormones, may
allow toxins.
✔✔Umbilical cord - ✔✔connects fetus to the placenta
✔✔Infancy - ✔✔Weight triples, brain and muscle growth, first teeth, learns walking and
talking.
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Autosomes - ✔✔The first 22 pairs of chromosomes which are matched but not
identical
✔✔Sex chromosomes - ✔✔the 23rd pair, determining biological sex (XX females, Xy for
males)
✔✔Alleles - ✔✔Different versions of a gene
✔✔Homozygous - ✔✔Two identical alleles for a trait.
✔✔Heterozygous - ✔✔two different alleles for a trait
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔The complete set of alleles in an individual
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔The physical expression of genes
✔✔Punnett Square - ✔✔A digram used to predict the inheritance patterns of certain
traits
✔✔Dominant Inheritance - ✔✔One allele masks the effect of another.
✔✔Recessive Inheritance - ✔✔Both alleles must be present to express the trait
✔✔Incomplete Dominance - ✔✔a blending of traits
✔✔Codominacne - ✔✔both alleles are expressed equally
✔✔Polygenic Traits - ✔✔traits influenced by multiple genes (e.g., eye color, body type).
✔✔Environmental Influence - ✔✔Environment can affect phenotypic expression.
✔✔Epigenetics: - ✔✔Changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the
DNA sequence itself.
✔✔Linked Alleles - ✔✔Genes located close together on a chromosome that are often
inherited together.
✔✔Sex Determination - ✔✔Males determine the sex of offspring (due to the presence of
either X or Y chromosomes in sperm).
, ✔✔X-Linked Traits - ✔✔Traits associated with the X chromosome (e.g., hemophilia and
red-green color blindness, more common in males).
✔✔Y-Linked Traits - ✔✔Traits associated with the Y chromosome, only found in males
✔✔Baldness - ✔✔More common in males, but the gene itself is not sex-linked
✔✔Nondisjunction - ✔✔The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell
division, leading to disorders
✔✔Cystic Fibrosis - ✔✔Affects lungs and digestive system.
✔✔Phenylketonuria (PKU) - ✔✔Affects the body's ability to break down phenylalanine.
✔✔Tay-Sachs Disease - ✔✔Affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
✔✔Huntington Disease - ✔✔Caused by a dominant allele; symptoms typically appear in
the 30s.
✔✔Fertilization Process - ✔✔Sperm meets oocyte, mixes DNA. Takes hours to days to
reach the ampulla; only a few thousand make it
✔✔Fraternal Twins - ✔✔Form from two oocytes.
✔✔Identical Twins - ✔✔Result from the splitting of a zygote.
✔✔Amnion - ✔✔Innermost protective layer.
✔✔Allantois - ✔✔Forms blood vessels for the umbilical cord.
✔✔Yolk Sac - ✔✔Helps with blood cell production, later forms digestive tract
✔✔Chorion - ✔✔Produces hCG, the hormone for pregnancy maintenance
✔✔Placenta - ✔✔Facilitates nutrient and waste exchange, produces hormones, may
allow toxins.
✔✔Umbilical cord - ✔✔connects fetus to the placenta
✔✔Infancy - ✔✔Weight triples, brain and muscle growth, first teeth, learns walking and
talking.
