BIO 130 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Promotor - ✔✔Signals the start of a gene
✔✔Introns - ✔✔Non-coding sections removed from mRNA
✔✔Exons - ✔✔coding sections that remain in mRNA
✔✔Codon - ✔✔mRNA sequence read in triplets for protein synthesis
✔✔tRNA - ✔✔brings amino acids and matches mRNA codons
✔✔Ribosome - ✔✔holds mRNA and tRNA in place, facilitating the assembly of amino
acids acids into proteins
✔✔Prophase - ✔✔chromatids become visible, nuclear envelope breaks downs, and
centrioles attach microtubules to chromatids
✔✔metaphase - ✔✔chromosomes align along a central plane
✔✔Anaphase - ✔✔chromatids separate as the centromere breaks
✔✔Telophase - ✔✔new nuclear envelopes form around separated DNA chromosomes
uncoil
✔✔Cleavage Furrow - ✔✔Proteins create a pinching motion to divide the cell, forming
two daughter cells
✔✔Meiosis I - ✔✔Homologous chromosomes swap DNA sections during prophase and
are them separated
✔✔Meiosis II - ✔✔chromosomes are divided without further replication, creating four
haploid cells
✔✔Differentiation - ✔✔Process where a daughter cell becomes specialized and distinct
from the parent cell
✔✔Embryo Splitting - ✔✔Fertilized egg divides into eight cells, which can be implanted
to create genetically identical organisms
✔✔Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer - ✔✔Involves removing the nucleus of an oocyte and
inserting the nucleus of an adult cell to create a clone
, ✔✔DNA - ✔✔The molecule containing the genetic instructions for human development.
✔✔Genes - ✔✔segments of DNA that code for proteins
✔✔Genetics - ✔✔The study of how DNA and genetic traits are passed down through
generations
✔✔Chromosomes - ✔✔Structures containing DNA; humans have 23 pairs
✔✔Autosomes - ✔✔The first 22 pairs of chromosomes which are matched but not
identical
✔✔Sex chromosomes - ✔✔the 23rd pair, determining biological sex (XX females, Xy for
males)
✔✔Alleles - ✔✔Different versions of a gene
✔✔Homozygous - ✔✔Two identical alleles for a trait.
✔✔Heterozygous - ✔✔two different alleles for a trait
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔The complete set of alleles in an individual
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔The physical expression of genes
✔✔Punnett Square - ✔✔A digram used to predict the inheritance patterns of certain
traits
✔✔Dominant Inheritance - ✔✔One allele masks the effect of another.
✔✔Recessive Inheritance - ✔✔Both alleles must be present to express the trait
✔✔Incomplete Dominance - ✔✔a blending of traits
✔✔Codominacne - ✔✔both alleles are expressed equally
✔✔Polygenic Traits - ✔✔traits influenced by multiple genes (e.g., eye color, body type).
✔✔Environmental Influence - ✔✔Environment can affect phenotypic expression.
✔✔Epigenetics: - ✔✔Changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the
DNA sequence itself.
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Promotor - ✔✔Signals the start of a gene
✔✔Introns - ✔✔Non-coding sections removed from mRNA
✔✔Exons - ✔✔coding sections that remain in mRNA
✔✔Codon - ✔✔mRNA sequence read in triplets for protein synthesis
✔✔tRNA - ✔✔brings amino acids and matches mRNA codons
✔✔Ribosome - ✔✔holds mRNA and tRNA in place, facilitating the assembly of amino
acids acids into proteins
✔✔Prophase - ✔✔chromatids become visible, nuclear envelope breaks downs, and
centrioles attach microtubules to chromatids
✔✔metaphase - ✔✔chromosomes align along a central plane
✔✔Anaphase - ✔✔chromatids separate as the centromere breaks
✔✔Telophase - ✔✔new nuclear envelopes form around separated DNA chromosomes
uncoil
✔✔Cleavage Furrow - ✔✔Proteins create a pinching motion to divide the cell, forming
two daughter cells
✔✔Meiosis I - ✔✔Homologous chromosomes swap DNA sections during prophase and
are them separated
✔✔Meiosis II - ✔✔chromosomes are divided without further replication, creating four
haploid cells
✔✔Differentiation - ✔✔Process where a daughter cell becomes specialized and distinct
from the parent cell
✔✔Embryo Splitting - ✔✔Fertilized egg divides into eight cells, which can be implanted
to create genetically identical organisms
✔✔Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer - ✔✔Involves removing the nucleus of an oocyte and
inserting the nucleus of an adult cell to create a clone
, ✔✔DNA - ✔✔The molecule containing the genetic instructions for human development.
✔✔Genes - ✔✔segments of DNA that code for proteins
✔✔Genetics - ✔✔The study of how DNA and genetic traits are passed down through
generations
✔✔Chromosomes - ✔✔Structures containing DNA; humans have 23 pairs
✔✔Autosomes - ✔✔The first 22 pairs of chromosomes which are matched but not
identical
✔✔Sex chromosomes - ✔✔the 23rd pair, determining biological sex (XX females, Xy for
males)
✔✔Alleles - ✔✔Different versions of a gene
✔✔Homozygous - ✔✔Two identical alleles for a trait.
✔✔Heterozygous - ✔✔two different alleles for a trait
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔The complete set of alleles in an individual
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔The physical expression of genes
✔✔Punnett Square - ✔✔A digram used to predict the inheritance patterns of certain
traits
✔✔Dominant Inheritance - ✔✔One allele masks the effect of another.
✔✔Recessive Inheritance - ✔✔Both alleles must be present to express the trait
✔✔Incomplete Dominance - ✔✔a blending of traits
✔✔Codominacne - ✔✔both alleles are expressed equally
✔✔Polygenic Traits - ✔✔traits influenced by multiple genes (e.g., eye color, body type).
✔✔Environmental Influence - ✔✔Environment can affect phenotypic expression.
✔✔Epigenetics: - ✔✔Changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the
DNA sequence itself.
