, (Kuby.Immunology.Covid-
19.Digital.Update,.8e.Jenni.Punt,.Sharon.Stranford,.Patricia.Jones,.Judy.Owen).(Test.Bank.Latest.Edition.202
24,.Grade.A+,.100%.Verified)
Chapter.01
1. Two.of.the.main,.early.theories.proposed.to.explain.how.antigen-
specific.antibodies.develop.were.the.instructional.theory.and.the.selective.theory..How.did.the.two.differ?.Wh
ich.was.ultimately.shown.to.be.CORRECT?
ANSWER:. The.selective.theory.says.that,.when.an.antigen.receptor.binds.with.an.antigen,.the.cell.becomes.activated.(
or.the.cell.is.selected.to.proliferate.and.secrete.more.copies.of.the.receptor)..The.instructional.theory.says.t
hat.the.antigen.receptor.molds.itself.to.the.antigen..The.selective.theory.was.shown.to.be.correct.
2. Often,.serendipity.plays.a.role.in.significant.scientific.discoveries..In.your.own.words,.explain.how.seren
dipity.led.Pasteur.to.discover.a.cholera.vaccine.
ANSWER:. Pasteur.developed.the.vaccine.in.chickens,.which.were.in.short.supply..He.challenged.groups.of.chickens.
with.cholera.bacteria—
some.of.which.were.previously.exposed.to.an.attenuated.version.of.cholera.bacteria..Only.the.previously.e
xposed.animals.were.protected.from.a.new.challenge,.which.led.to.the.use.of.weakened.pathogens.as.vacc
ines.
3. Despite.its.having.been.eradicated.on.a.global.scale,.smallpox.is.presently.considered.a.potential.bioterrorism.threat
..Why?.Use.evidence.to.support.your.answer.
ANSWER:. After.eradication.was.achieved,.smallpox.vaccination.programs.largely.ended..As.populations.continue
d.to.grow.over.time,.an.ever-
increasing.percentage.of.the.human.population.remains.unvaccinated.and.thus,.is.still.susceptible.to.the.
disease.
4. Prior.to.1999,.it.was.claimed.that.a.thimerosal.additive.in.vaccines.was.contributing.to.the.rising.incidence.of.autism
..If.the.claims.were.true,.what.resultant.trend.might.you.expect.to.observe.in.the.rate.of.autism.once.thimerosal.was.rem
oved.from.vaccines?
ANSWER:. One.would.reasonably.expect.a.decrease.in.the.rate.of.autism..However,.cases.of.autism.continued.to.rise.a
fter.thimerosal.was.removed.from.vaccines.in.2001.
5. Given.the.discovery.and.development.of.effective.antibiotics,.make.an.argument.for.the.continued.use.of.vacci
nes.against.bacterial.pathogens..Use.evidence.to.support.your.answer.
ANSWER:. Antibiotics.are.used.for.treatment.of.disease,.not.typically.for.prevention..Antibiotic.treatment.is.not.foolp
roof.(considering.the.rising.incidence.of.antibiotic.resistance)..Vaccines.are.a.preventative.measure,.and.
prevention.is.the.gold.standard.for.infectious.disease.control.measures.
6. You.have.a.friend.unfamiliar.with.immunology,.and.he.asks.you.the.following.question:."Why.do.I.need.the.flu.sho
t.every.year,.but.don't.need.an.annual.chickenpox.vaccine?".As.a.student.of.immunology,.how.would.you.explain.thi
s.discrepancy.to.your.friend?.Use.evidence.to.support.your.answer.
ANSWER:. The.virus.that.causes.the.flu.changes.every.year.-
.as.a.result,.a.new.flu.vaccine.must.be.prepared.each.year.based.on.a.predication.of.the.most.common.forms
.of.the.virus.likely.to.be.encountered..Vaccines.are.specific.in.the.type.of.pathogen.against.which.they.prot
ect,.and.protection.against.one.type.does.not.guarantee.protection.against.pathogens.that.are.closely-
related.
7. Provide.one.benefit.and.one.drawback.of.generating.random.recognition.receptors.during.the.development.of.B.cel
,ls.
ANSWER:. A.benefit.is.having.the.capacity.to.recognize.and.respond.to.diverse.pathogens.as.they.evolve..A.drawback.
is.that.some.recognition.receptors.could.potentially.recognize.and.target.host.antigens.
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter.01
8. A.portion.of.our.immune.systems'.white.blood.cells.is.constantly.circulating.throughout.the.body.via.circul
ation.and.lymphatics..What.is.the.benefit.of.such.circulation?
ANSWER:. The.circulation.of.the.white.blood.cells.allows.for.a.more.comprehensive.surveillance.of.the.body.for.the.p
resence.of.potential.pathogens..A.significant.portion.of.the.human.body.is.constantly.exposed.to.potentia
l.microbial.pathogens.
9. Complete.the.following.table.by.comparing.and.contrasting.innate.and.adaptive.immune.responses.
Innate.I Adaptive.
mmunity Immunity
Is.mediated.by.what.cells?
What.do.they.recognize?
How.are.the.receptors.enc
oded?
Why.can't.they.control.all.in
fections.alone?
What.do.they.do.in.r
esponse.to.antigen?
ANSWER: Adaptive.
Innate.Immunity
Immunity
Macrophages,.NK.cell
Is.mediated.by.w T.cells.and.B.c
s,.neutrophils,.mast.cel
hat.cells? ells
ls.eosinophils
What.do.they.re Specific.
Pathogen.patterns
cognize? epitopes
How.are.the.rec
Rearranged.g
eptors.encode Germ.line
ene.segments
d?
Why.can't.they.co
Pathogens.evolve.es Takes.too.long.t
ntrol.all.infection
cape.mechanisms o.develop
s.alone?
What.do.they.do.in. Produce.antibo
Engulf.and.destroy,.in
response.to.antige dies,.kill.infect
duce.inflammation
n? ed.cells
10. What.are.the.hallmarks.of.inflammation?.Describe.the.physical.characteristics.of.someone.experiencing.an.infla
mmatory.response.
ANSWER:. Redness,.swelling,.heat,.pain..Someone.experiencing.inflammation.might.have.localized.swelling.and.re
dness.or.itching.or.may.be.experiencing.faintness.due.to.a.lowering.of.blood.pressure.if.more.severe.
11. Upon.receiving.immune.serum.as.a.treatment.for.a.venomous.snake.bite,.would.the.recipient.be.immune
19.Digital.Update,.8e.Jenni.Punt,.Sharon.Stranford,.Patricia.Jones,.Judy.Owen).(Test.Bank.Latest.Edition.202
24,.Grade.A+,.100%.Verified)
Chapter.01
1. Two.of.the.main,.early.theories.proposed.to.explain.how.antigen-
specific.antibodies.develop.were.the.instructional.theory.and.the.selective.theory..How.did.the.two.differ?.Wh
ich.was.ultimately.shown.to.be.CORRECT?
ANSWER:. The.selective.theory.says.that,.when.an.antigen.receptor.binds.with.an.antigen,.the.cell.becomes.activated.(
or.the.cell.is.selected.to.proliferate.and.secrete.more.copies.of.the.receptor)..The.instructional.theory.says.t
hat.the.antigen.receptor.molds.itself.to.the.antigen..The.selective.theory.was.shown.to.be.correct.
2. Often,.serendipity.plays.a.role.in.significant.scientific.discoveries..In.your.own.words,.explain.how.seren
dipity.led.Pasteur.to.discover.a.cholera.vaccine.
ANSWER:. Pasteur.developed.the.vaccine.in.chickens,.which.were.in.short.supply..He.challenged.groups.of.chickens.
with.cholera.bacteria—
some.of.which.were.previously.exposed.to.an.attenuated.version.of.cholera.bacteria..Only.the.previously.e
xposed.animals.were.protected.from.a.new.challenge,.which.led.to.the.use.of.weakened.pathogens.as.vacc
ines.
3. Despite.its.having.been.eradicated.on.a.global.scale,.smallpox.is.presently.considered.a.potential.bioterrorism.threat
..Why?.Use.evidence.to.support.your.answer.
ANSWER:. After.eradication.was.achieved,.smallpox.vaccination.programs.largely.ended..As.populations.continue
d.to.grow.over.time,.an.ever-
increasing.percentage.of.the.human.population.remains.unvaccinated.and.thus,.is.still.susceptible.to.the.
disease.
4. Prior.to.1999,.it.was.claimed.that.a.thimerosal.additive.in.vaccines.was.contributing.to.the.rising.incidence.of.autism
..If.the.claims.were.true,.what.resultant.trend.might.you.expect.to.observe.in.the.rate.of.autism.once.thimerosal.was.rem
oved.from.vaccines?
ANSWER:. One.would.reasonably.expect.a.decrease.in.the.rate.of.autism..However,.cases.of.autism.continued.to.rise.a
fter.thimerosal.was.removed.from.vaccines.in.2001.
5. Given.the.discovery.and.development.of.effective.antibiotics,.make.an.argument.for.the.continued.use.of.vacci
nes.against.bacterial.pathogens..Use.evidence.to.support.your.answer.
ANSWER:. Antibiotics.are.used.for.treatment.of.disease,.not.typically.for.prevention..Antibiotic.treatment.is.not.foolp
roof.(considering.the.rising.incidence.of.antibiotic.resistance)..Vaccines.are.a.preventative.measure,.and.
prevention.is.the.gold.standard.for.infectious.disease.control.measures.
6. You.have.a.friend.unfamiliar.with.immunology,.and.he.asks.you.the.following.question:."Why.do.I.need.the.flu.sho
t.every.year,.but.don't.need.an.annual.chickenpox.vaccine?".As.a.student.of.immunology,.how.would.you.explain.thi
s.discrepancy.to.your.friend?.Use.evidence.to.support.your.answer.
ANSWER:. The.virus.that.causes.the.flu.changes.every.year.-
.as.a.result,.a.new.flu.vaccine.must.be.prepared.each.year.based.on.a.predication.of.the.most.common.forms
.of.the.virus.likely.to.be.encountered..Vaccines.are.specific.in.the.type.of.pathogen.against.which.they.prot
ect,.and.protection.against.one.type.does.not.guarantee.protection.against.pathogens.that.are.closely-
related.
7. Provide.one.benefit.and.one.drawback.of.generating.random.recognition.receptors.during.the.development.of.B.cel
,ls.
ANSWER:. A.benefit.is.having.the.capacity.to.recognize.and.respond.to.diverse.pathogens.as.they.evolve..A.drawback.
is.that.some.recognition.receptors.could.potentially.recognize.and.target.host.antigens.
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter.01
8. A.portion.of.our.immune.systems'.white.blood.cells.is.constantly.circulating.throughout.the.body.via.circul
ation.and.lymphatics..What.is.the.benefit.of.such.circulation?
ANSWER:. The.circulation.of.the.white.blood.cells.allows.for.a.more.comprehensive.surveillance.of.the.body.for.the.p
resence.of.potential.pathogens..A.significant.portion.of.the.human.body.is.constantly.exposed.to.potentia
l.microbial.pathogens.
9. Complete.the.following.table.by.comparing.and.contrasting.innate.and.adaptive.immune.responses.
Innate.I Adaptive.
mmunity Immunity
Is.mediated.by.what.cells?
What.do.they.recognize?
How.are.the.receptors.enc
oded?
Why.can't.they.control.all.in
fections.alone?
What.do.they.do.in.r
esponse.to.antigen?
ANSWER: Adaptive.
Innate.Immunity
Immunity
Macrophages,.NK.cell
Is.mediated.by.w T.cells.and.B.c
s,.neutrophils,.mast.cel
hat.cells? ells
ls.eosinophils
What.do.they.re Specific.
Pathogen.patterns
cognize? epitopes
How.are.the.rec
Rearranged.g
eptors.encode Germ.line
ene.segments
d?
Why.can't.they.co
Pathogens.evolve.es Takes.too.long.t
ntrol.all.infection
cape.mechanisms o.develop
s.alone?
What.do.they.do.in. Produce.antibo
Engulf.and.destroy,.in
response.to.antige dies,.kill.infect
duce.inflammation
n? ed.cells
10. What.are.the.hallmarks.of.inflammation?.Describe.the.physical.characteristics.of.someone.experiencing.an.infla
mmatory.response.
ANSWER:. Redness,.swelling,.heat,.pain..Someone.experiencing.inflammation.might.have.localized.swelling.and.re
dness.or.itching.or.may.be.experiencing.faintness.due.to.a.lowering.of.blood.pressure.if.more.severe.
11. Upon.receiving.immune.serum.as.a.treatment.for.a.venomous.snake.bite,.would.the.recipient.be.immune
