Test Bank For Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care, 5th Edition, Brian K. Walsh | All Chapters (1-36) | Updated Version A+

, Chapter1: Fetal Lung DevelopmentTest Bank f ff ff ff f f




MULTIPLE CHOICE ff




1. Which of the following phases of human lung development is characterized
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by the formation of a capillary network around airway passages?
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a. Pseudoglandular

b. Saccular

c. Alveolar

d. Canalicular



ANS: D ff




The canalicular phase follows the pseudo glandular phase, lasting from approximately 17
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weeks to 26 weeks of gestation. This phase is so named because of the appearance of
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vascular channels, or capillaries, which begin to grow by forming a capillary network around
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the air passages.
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During the pseudo glandular stage, which begins at day 52 and extends to week 16
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ffof gestation, the airway system subdivides extensively and the conducting airway system
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develops, ending with the terminal bronchioles. The saccular stage of development, which
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takes place from weeks 29 to 36 of gestation, is characterized by the development of sacs
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that later become alveoli.
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During the saccular phase, a tremendous increase in the potential gas- exchanging surface area
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occurs. The distinction between the saccular stage and the alveolar stage is arbitrary. The
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alveolar stage stretches from 39 weeks of gestation to term. This stage is represented by the
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establishment of alveoli.
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REF: pp. 3-5 ff ff




2. Regarding postnatal lung growth, by approximately what age do most of the ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff



alveoli that will be present in the lungs for life develop?
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a. 6 months ff

,b. 1 year ff




c. 1.5 years ff




d. 2 years ff




ANS: C ff




Most of the postnatal formation of alveoli in the infant occurs over the first 1.5 years of life.
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At 2 years of age, the number of alveoli varies substantially among individuals. After 2
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years of age, males have more alveoli than do females. After alveolar multiplication ends, the
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alveoli continue to increase in size until thoracic growth is completed.
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REF: p. 6 ff ff




3. The respiratory therapist is evaluating a newborn with mild respiratory distress
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due to tracheal stenosis. During which period of lung development did this problem
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develop?
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a. Embryonal

b. Saccular

c. Canalicular

d. Alveolar



ANS: A ff




The initial structures of the pulmonary tree develop during the embryonal stage. Errors in
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development during this time may result in laryngeal, tracheal, or esophageal atresia or stenosis.
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Pulmonary hypoplasia, an incomplete development of the lungs characterized by an abnormally
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low number and/or size of bronchopulmonary segments and/or alveoli, can develop during the
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pseudoglandular phase. If the fetus is born during the canalicular phase (i.e., prematurely),
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severe respiratory distress can be expected because the inadequately developed airways, along
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with insufficient and immature surfactant production by alveolar type II cells, gives rise to the
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constellation of problems known as infant respiratory distress syndrome.
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, REF: p. 6 ff




4. Which of the following mechanisms is (are) responsible for the
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possible association between oligohydramnios and lung hypoplasia?
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I. Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism ff ff




II. Mechanical restriction of the chest wall ff ff ff ff ff




III. Interference with fetal breathing ff ff ff




IV. Failure to produce fetal lung liquid ff ff ff ff ff




a. I and III only
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b. II and III only
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c. I, II, and IV only
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d. II, III, and IV only
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ANS: D ff




Oligohydramnios, a reduced quantity of amniotic fluid present for an extended period of time,
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with or without renal anomalies, is associated with lung hypoplasia. The
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ffmechanisms by which amniotic fluid volume influences lung growth remain unclear.
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Possible explanations for reduced quantity of amniotic fluid include mechanical restriction of
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the chest wall, interference with fetal breathing, or failure to produce fetal lung liquid. These
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clinical and experimental observations possibly point to a common denominator, lung stretch,
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as being a major growth stimulant.
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REF: pp. 6-7 ff ff




5. What is the purpose of the substance secreted by the type II pneumocyte?
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